Shingles Info.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. QUESTION:
   What is the shingles shot and info about it? Do you have to be a certain age to get the vaccination?
   Ok so heres the deal. Im wondering about this cuz i saw an add thing on tv and was curious as to the age you have to be and stuff. I have a very rare thing that happened to me when i was 6 monthes old. I got chicken pox. Since you have to be at least one year old in order to get the chicken pox vaccination i got the chicken pox before i could even get vaccinated. I remember in health class we were talking about how you are usually older (50-60) when you get shingles, but again similar to the whole chicken pox ordeal, i got shingles when i was only 8 years old and i have a chance of getting them again so im really really curious as to the information about this shingles vaccination. Any reponse would be great! Thanks!!!

   • ANSWER:
     The shingles shot is called Zostavax. It is currently only approved for use in patients 50 years of age or older.

     Basically, it is a super potent version of the chickenpox vaccine (Varivax).

     There haven’t been any long term studies done on it since it’s relatively new. The marketing information says that if you have had chickenpox, you should get Zostavax. But you’ll have to wait a while, either until you’re 50 or the age of approval is changed.

2. QUESTION:
   Can you spread Shingles to different parts of your body?
   Just wondering if Shingles is a localized rash, or if it is capable of spreading, say if you touch the affected area and then touch an unaffected area of your skin?

   • ANSWER:
     Shingles is usually along the trunk–they follow the nerve path. That means they don’t go all the way around your body. Make sure you do NOT touch your face. Not your mouth, nose and especially your eyes. If you get it there it is VERY dangerous.

     Look for more info here:

     http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/shingles/DS00098

3. QUESTION:
   My Aunt has Shingles and she would like to be treated thru the power of prayer?
   Nor sure what kind of info you may need to treat her, just email me for more info.

   • ANSWER:
     Prayers is all well and good but untreated shingles can turn into a living hell! She needs to see a doctor and get this nipped in the bud. Shingles can leave a pain behind for many years after the shingles is gone that is like no other agony.

4. QUESTION:
   Roofing Info For Dummies: What things should I know about getting a new roof?
   We already have two layers and they will have to be removed. There may be wood damage but I won’t know until the shingles come off. I am new at this and I am trying to find out as much as I can. I found one contractor in CheckBook that looks good. What quality of tar paper or sheeting is good? What is a ridge vent? What about an ice dam? Thank you for your help.

   • ANSWER:
     WOW, that’s allot of info required but I’ll give it a go . . .

     Yes the two layers HAVE to come off (weight issue). Damaged sheathing will have to be replaced, most roof sheathing made in the last 100 years are still readily available. I prefer 30# felt (tar paper)but my colleagues having been talking about this new product from GP, that’s very light and seems to be okay. Ice and water shield should be installed on at least all out edges (eves and rakes). This keeps snow that melts in the sun and re-freezes at night from seeping under the shingles and into the wood(and for the last time people drip edges goes on top of ice and water). Ridge venting is a system that allows air to move in and out of the attic, thus letting the bottom of the sheathing breath. You may or may not need ridge venting, check to make sure you have soffitt vents, if not, you don’t need ridge vent, provided you have gable vents (bottom of roof sheathing gotta breath). If not, you (or at lest should) have a venting system installed why replacing the roof.

     The best way to tell if you have a god roofer is to see how he/she installs the felt: staples = bad; bottle caps and nails = good.

     Hope this helps, please feel free to contact me with further info

5. QUESTION:
   How to shingle a roof?How we can fix the problem of roof leaking that can remain for a long time?
   How to shingle a roof?How we can fix the problem of roof leaking that can remain for a long time?

   • ANSWER:
     hard Q. it all depends. if a small leak it can be mended. if roof life is over it needs replaced. need more info.

6. QUESTION:
   when putting a second layer of shingles on a roof will i have to worry about hitting the nails below?
   thanks wired for the useful info. before.

   • ANSWER:
     You won’t need to worry about it. Occasionally you’ll hit one and you’ll need to move over a fraction of an inch.

7. QUESTION:
   Any problems with getting the shingles vaccine when you have fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome?
   Has anyone with CFS/FM had the shingles vaccine and did you experience any bad side-effects?

   • ANSWER:
     I would avoid a vaccine. There is mercury, formaldehyde, lead, aluminum, phenols, etc. They are not that safe. I have heard that people with fibromyalgia benefit greatly from a wheat free diet. Maybe give that a try and avoid the poisons…

     http://www.thinktwice.com/

     http://www.nvic.org/state-site/state-exemptions.htm

     http://www.vaclib.org/index.htm

     http://www.mercola.com/article/vaccines/neurological_damage.htm

     http://www.informedchoice.info/cocktail.html

     http://www.vaccines.bizland.com/links.htm

8. QUESTION:
   How do I fix a leak on 3 tab shingle roof?
   It’s in the valley between two intersection roofs. Do I need to tear off all shingles from bottom to top in a V formation, or is there a way to just take off and replace the shingles along the valley?

   • ANSWER:
     the first question is, how old is this roof? the 2nd is, how many layers of shingles is there on this roof? if i had more info, i could give you a better guess, (since i can’t actually see the roof). if the roof is over 15 years old, any repair is just wasting your money, you’ll only buy yourself a little time. if you can find the leak or trouble spot, all of you working in and on the valley will likely cause new leaks. if you have more than one layer of shingles on the roof, it will only compound your trouble finding the actual leak. when you have it fixed or replaced, have the roofers use ice and water shield to line the valleys, and the bottom of the roof up to a point 3′ past the interior walls if you live in snow country and could get ice dams on the bottom edges of the roof. for a homeowner to try and repair a valley using ice and water shield to seal it before appling your shingles, would be next to impossible, the stuff is like human fly paper! not a one person job, by any means. this is all that i can give you based on the info that you provided, good luck.

9. QUESTION:
   any tips I need to know about laying a rolling roof? Do we need to put nails on the bottom of the shingles?
   We have a 45 degree roof. We will be reroofing with new tar paper and rolling roof shingles. We are new homeowners, any info will be helpful.

   • ANSWER:
     you start at the bottom of the roof and work up to the top. this way the water runs down the roof and doesnt enter any of the overlaps. do not nail the botom only the tops and make sure the nails are covered by the next roll

10. QUESTION:
    Does anyone know how much to charge a person to powerwash the outside of there house?
    Any info on special soaps or washing materials and what to charge?

    • ANSWER:
      You can find special detergents for that type of work in home improvement stores. Look near the siding, shingles or exterior finishes. As far a charging a fee, how long do you think it will take you to do it? How many people are part of the crew? I suggest adding 15% to the cost of materials and charging (depending on where you live) – per hour per person. Hopefully the homeowner is supplying the water, if not, figure that in as materials as well.

11. QUESTION:
    What is a skin infection and is it contagious?
    My friend had the shingles about 3 weeks ago and now she has just found out that she has a skin infection in the exact same spot the shingles were. I am a little nervous about being around her cause i don’t know if i can catch it or not? She works in the health care field and is most likely where she got it.
    Sorry i am not sure what it is called but she did say her didn’t know if it was contagious, and he is sending her to a specialist.

    • ANSWER:
      If you got chicken pox as a child you might get shingles its an adult form but I never heard of anyone catching if from another person.
      More info at:

      http://health.yahoo.com/ency/healthwise/hw75433

12. QUESTION:
    What is the best and cheapest way to make a 25 x 30 concrete foundation on an uneven backyard?
    trying to build a 25 x 30 building in the backyard to shoot music videos in and i need info on how to prep and UNEVEN backyard. any help would be greatly appreciated!

    • ANSWER:
      There’s no cheap way to build a decent 750 sq.ft. building these days. If you have some good strong friends you may be able to cut the site level with spades for a bit of a saving but with the price of beer these days, you might be cheaper to rent a little bobcat.

      To get the site really level, you should also rent a transit or a “dumpy level” but I’ve seen guys do a pretty decent job of staking a site level using a transparent plastic garden hose. The idea is, you tie one end of the hose to a wooden stake 5′ long and fill the hose with water. You plant the stake exactly 6″ deep at the lowest point on the site. You tie the other end of the hose to a stake 4’6″ long. Then you start digging at the high point. When you can hold the short stake on a point and the water level is the same on both stakes, those two spots are level.

      My best guess is that if you do all of the work yourself and friends, your materials cost for gravel, concrete, perimeter drainage, lumber, siding, shingles, windows, doors, insulation, drywall and misc. will be about ,000.00. That’s before you add any heating, AC, and toilet facilities.

      If I were you, I’d look around the neighborhood for someone with a double garage they would lease to you and allow you to do a little finishing on the interior.

      Good luck.

13. QUESTION:
    Did anyone ever have shingles while pregnant or with a baby/toddler?
    I’m sure this is rare, but I have shingles and am pregnant and have a 1 year old. Just wondering if this happened to anyone else & what your experience was. I’m personally very stressed about it.

    • ANSWER:
      I’m not sure about the problems of shingels in pregnancy but I know that you cannot get shingles unless you have had chicken pox so if your 1yr old hasn’t had chicken pox they can’t get shingles. It’s not contagious or anything either. Its a nerve related illness and is most often brought on by stress (which makes sense if your are pregnant). My husband got it when our son was 10days old and the doctor said to be careful and wash his hands and generally keep away from such a young baby where possible but that was just as a precaution as he was so little but assured us that he shouldn’t be affected but to err on the side of caution.
      Because it is related to chicken pox I would be wanting assurances that the baby isn’t going to be affected though.
      Hope that little bit of info helps and that all goes well and the shingels heal up quickly. I know they are extremely painful.

14. QUESTION:
    How much do Solar shingles cost?
    I need to know how much solar shingles cost for my uni report. I know that it will depend on the building but roughly how much does a one shingle cost?

    • ANSWER:
      Hey Chris, to my knowledge, they aren’t for sale yet. I’ve been looking for a price and seller for a while on these products. There are two places that are making them experimentally, OK Solar and Uni-Solar. You can go to their websites and get all kinds of technical info on them, how they connect to the homes electrical system, under roof decking wiring schematics, and so forth, but they don’t list any dealers, and I can’t find a single place that actually sells them yet. The short answer is they will cost more for the same power outbput than if you put regular shingles on a roof, then added regular panels, partly because that’s how marketing works, and also because they are highly engineered devices.

      We live in a home that has been powered by the wind and sun for over 10 years now. Most of the work we did ourselves. We made plenty of mistakes, and learned a great deal along the way. Now I find myself in the local schools each year teaching the kids about solar power, and one school even brings kids to our home on a field trip each year to see a working solar/wind powered home as part of their course work. But even with that exposure, and talking to the people I know in the business, nobody can find a seller of those shingles yet. They will one day be commonplace in new construction, but I think the manufacturers are till working out bugs in the process.

      There are some pretty good websites for solar power in general, I will list them below if you want to learn more about solar power. Good luck Chris, and take care, Rudydoo

15. QUESTION:
    What should I include in a term paper about the disease shingles?
    Hi I have to write a 5 page paper about shingles ( 1 pg coversheet, 1 pg bibliography). My teacher didn’t say what to include and just rambled off a few sections. She wrote that we should have introduction, history, diagnosis, treatment, updated info, and etc. Am I missing anything? I want to get a really good grade on this project. How should I go about writing this. I don’t know how to organize my outline. Help please.

    • ANSWER:
      You should have it properly organized. First, some history of the disease, who discovered it, why is it named “shingles” etc. 2, what is its appearance and where does it normally appear, what are its symptoms, what kind of discomfort or incapacity does it cause,3 how soon should diagnosis and treatment be sought, and who should be seen(gp, specialist, dermatologist?), 4 what is the standard treatment protocol, and what is going on in research for advancing treatment regimens, or dealing with really extreme cases that do not respong readily to the standard program. Conclude with prognisis for further improving treatment options, and suggestion for preventing recurrence.

16. QUESTION:
    Has anyone ever heard of using hydraulic oil as a wood deck stainer/preserver/finisher?
    I’ve heard of this on 2 or 3 different occasions the last couple of years. was wanting some input/info on the whole idea?! Heard its both beautiful and legit.

    • ANSWER:
      I had a leaky tractor bucket that dripped hyd. oil on my deck while lifting shingles to the roof. Couldn’t clean it off no matter how I tried. Here I am 12 years later with an ugly black blotch. Started clear. Can’t make it clear again.

      Bottom line, it seems well protected but ugly.

17. QUESTION:
    About how many days should it take 2 workers to frame a 2 story 18′x14′ addition?
    Walls, floors, trusses and sheathing.

    Doesn’t include hanging the windows, siding, shingles flooring or anything else.

    Thanks!
    Built atop poured concrete walls with slab.
    Includes breaking through wall on both levels and placing a steel beam on the bottom floor to make one single large room.

    Existing home is 10 years old, 2×4 construction with OSB sheathing and cedar siding.

    • ANSWER:
      About 4 or 5 days, BUT the connection to the original building might add a day or two. There is a lot of work involved making the old floor framing meet the new floor framing. Same with the walls and roof. If anything is out of level with the existing building, it does create headaches. You did not provide enough info, like if all of the necessary demolition was done, or how level the new (or old) foundation is.
      Best case is 4 days. Worst case should not be more than 10

18. QUESTION:
    How much to reshingle a 1660 square foot house with attached 2 car garage?
    The shingles on now are supposedly ten years old, but the estimator of course said I need a whole new roof.

    • ANSWER:
      Roofing is based on the square footage of the actual roof, not the house. The steeper the roof pitch, the greater the surface area, and the more the materials. Here’s a site that will help you determine the actual sqft’age of your roof-

      http://www.roofhelp.com/measuring.htm

      As for removal of the old roof, that’s based on the number of layers of existing roof, not the age of the latest layer. Your local build code will define the allowable number of layers — typically it’s 3 or 4 layers (this is for wood or asphalt shingles).

      When you talk to roofers, they refer to “squares” – which is 100 square feet of *roof surface* (not house square footage). Assuming a typical roof pitch, your 1660 sqft structure probably equates to about 25 squares (squares are always rounded up, by the way). With 3-tab asphalt shingles, expect to pay around 0-350/square, depending on the shingle you select.

      Here’s a site with excellent info on how to select a roofing company-

      http://ar.essortment.com/roofingcostest_rdvd.htm

19. QUESTION:
    How long did the symptoms of shingles last for your child?
    I am looking for more information directed to children then adults. My daughter is 10 and was diagnosed with shingles yesterday. I’m wondering how long the pain, blisters etc. lasted with other children. It seems to be a bit different in children then adults. Any info that you may have after dealing with it as a parent would be appreciated. Thank you!

    • ANSWER:
      My middle daughter had shingles when she was 14 or 15 years old. Her symptoms lasted for 10 to 14 days, i.e. the sores, blisters, red lines that ran from her upper back to her hand. The pain was more than a week but I am not sure how long that was. She had to be put on prescription pain meds because she hurt so bad, so don’t let them tell you that they can’t give her anything for the pain.

      I hope I have been at least, a little bit of help to you. Good luck and I will keep you and your daughter in my prayers.

20. QUESTION:
    Is there a good site to find information on Market Studies?
    I’m trying to do a market study on the number of roofing shingles sold per year in the USA. Does anyone have an idea were I can find this information?

    • ANSWER:
      These search terms have been highlighted: roofing shingles sold per year
      Page 1
      Construction, Demolition, and Industrial Waste Research
      Summary
      May 2006
      Waste Characterization Studies
      USEPA
      • Characterization of Building-Related Construction and Demolition
      Debris in the US
      USEPA June 1998
      Study looked at C&D generated in the country and summarized the waste
      management practices for this waste stream. The methodology was to
      combine Census Bureau data (construction and demolition permits and
      construction value) on construction industry activities and point source waste
      assessment data. The study found per capita generation to be 2.8 lb per
      person per day. 43%c of waste from residential sources and 57 % from
      nonresidential. Building demolition account for 48%, renovations account for
      44% and 8% from construction sites.
      California
      • Statewide Waste Characterization Study
      December 2004
      Cascadia Consulting Group
      A waste sort was completed using a stratified random sampling methodology.
      Waste was sampled from a number of subgroups to develop a waste
      composition profile for each stratum. In the C&D area, the data reflects the
      total amounts of these material types disposed, regardless of activity
      generating the material. The amounts listed in the C&D material class
      cannot be used as an estimate of the total amount of C&D material disposed
      in CA.
      Wisconsin

      http://dnr.wi.gov/org/aw/wm/condemo/index.htm

      • 2003 waste characterization study
      The study showed that C&D comprise 28.7% of wastes landfilled in WI or
      850,000 tons per year. Leading C&D waste streams are untreated wood,
      roofing shingles, and rock, concrete and brick combined.
      Complete report found at

      http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/wm/publications

      Page 2
      Ohio
      Waste Characterization summary—little info on NonMSW
      Missouri
      Missouri Waste Composition Study
      Iowa
      Pennsylvania
      www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/Waste_Com/Exec_
      Sum.pdf
      2001 MSW characterization study completed by RW Beck using waste
      generation indicators such as population, employment, number of
      households, average municipal waste disposal rates collected from
      communities delivering their waste to facilities that hosted sorts. Residential
      and commercial sectors were targeted. Findings related to C&D include wood
      was 5.8% of the waste stream and other C&D was 4.8%.
      Florida
      www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_types/publications/shw/recycling/candd/CD
      %20report%205-8.pdf
      • C&D Debris Recycling Study: Final Report
      Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
      Volume based composition study sponsored by the Florida Center for Solid
      and Hazardous Waste Management found that dimensional wood (44%),
      cardboard (11%), gypsum wallboard (8%), and roofing shingles (6%)
      account for over 2/3 of C&D debris by volume. Weight based studies are
      underway. In 1998, FL generated 25 million tons of MSW and C&D
      accounted for 5.9 million tons or 25% of the total. Large fractions of C&D,
      especially from transportation are not included in the total. Total amount of
      C&D generated is estimated at 9.4 million cubic yards. 36% of this was
      recovered and reused or recycled into:
      o Crushed concrete and brick for road construction, drainage
      o Concrete, block, masonry, and other clean debris used as borrow pit
      fill
      o Concrete brick washout used to make onsite containing walls and bins
      o Reusable building supplies such as lumber and whole bricks
      o Remanufacture of wood chips into engineered wood
      o Wood fuels used in co-generation plants and industrial boilers
      o Horticultural mulches made from natural woody material
      o Dyed, decorative mulches made from construction debris wood
      o Wood chips used as bulking agents in biosolids, compost, animal
      bedding
      o Planks and other dimensional lumber sawn from whole trees
      Page 3
      o Corrugated cardboard containers
      o Metals (Steel, aluminum other nonferrous)
      o Recovered screened material for approved uses
      o Processed C&D debris used as daily cover
      Florida statutes have few substantive provisions that promote C&D debris
      recycling. These include that C&D debris must be separated from other MSW
      during disposal, and an exemption from solid waste permitting for clean
      debris used as fill. Disincentives include restriction on the amount of C&D
      recycling that can be applied to the recycling goal, definition and regulation
      of covered materials, which excludes most C&D, and that C&D disposal is
      cheap as liners are not required at landfills.
      A number of options exist for government to promote the recycling and reuse
      of C&D:
      o Open market for C&D debris collection
      o Enact a “Recyclable Construction and Demolition Debris bill
      o Require C&D to be processed before disposal (MA)
      o Require liners for C&D disposal facilities
      o Provide sales tax exemption for recycling equipment
      o Provide grants to local governments to improve C&D debris recycling
      o Provide low interest loans to recycling businesses
      o Provide grants directly to private recycling companies

      http://www.floridatrend.com/issue/default.asp?a+4198&s=l&d=11/1/2000

      • Dumped On
      Florida Trend article, November 2000.
      Publications
      • Waste Age
      http://www.wasteage.com/ : articles available
      • Trend Setters: Recovering C&D

      http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_trend_setters_recovering/index.html

      Communities in California have instituted several C&D recovery policies and
      practices. Many of them are summarized. E.g. in Atherton contractors are
      required to submit a Recycling and Waste Reduction Form to the town’s
      Building Department when applying for a building or demolition permit. The
      form estimates recyclable and disposable materials quantities that the
      project will produce, and the contractor is required to post a cash deposit of
      for each ton of recyclable material, equaling no less than ,000.
      • Reduce And Recycle That Rubble
      Page 4

      http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_reduce_recycle_rubble/index.html

      At the Regional Collection Center (RCC) project’s end, more than 30 tons of
      concrete and cement block were separated for reuse as fill material by a local
      business. More than 2.5 tons of scrap wood were collected and recycled by
      Andrew Pallet Co., Des Moines. The Alter Scrap Metal Co., also of Des
      Moines, received 1.25 tons of scrap metal (ferrous/nonferrous) from the RCC
      project. Finally, more than a half a ton of cardboard was collected and later
      recycled by a local processor.
      MWA staff later calculated that their hauling and disposal budget was cut by
      more than one-third due to recycling.
      For more information on MWA’s Build It! SMART (Save Materials And Recycle
      Today) program, contact: Kevin Officer, Environmental Specialist, MWA, 521
      E. Locust St., Des Moines, Iowa 50309-1911. (515) 244-0021. Fax: (515)
      244-9477. Other contacts are also available in the article.
      • Recycling C&D in the Flight for Landfill Space

      http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_recycling_cd_flight/index.html

      Some landfills also do recycling for their own interest. Some examples are
      listed. “When the company opened its new C&D landfill in Dothan, it
      immediately installed a large grinder on-site and instructed workers to
      separate most of the incoming wood and process it into boiler fuel. Metal and
      clean old corrugated cardboard (OCC) also are separated. The remaining
      waste is run through the grinder for a 6-to-1 volume reduction before
      heading for the landfill.”
      • C&D Recycling Report

      http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_guides_19/index.html

      May 01, 2004, Waste Age, BY REBEKAH A. HALL
      The National Association of Demolition Contractors (NADC), Doylestown, Pa.,
      has published “Demolition Industry Promotes C&D Recycling” to encourage
      the development of a national construction and demolition (C&D) recycling
      policy. The paper details how different states deal with C&D waste and
      highlights current barriers to recycling the material. To order a free copy,
      visit www.nadc.org (note, the homepage currently is
      http://www.demolitionassociation.com , but I couldn’t find this report) or call
      (800) 541-2412.
      • Moving and Shaking

      http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_moving_shaking/index.html

      Oct 1, 2005 12:00 PM by Michael R. Taylor
      Page 5
      Some examples of forces affecting the growth of the C&D recycling industry
      in some states
      • Tackling C&D Waste:

      http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_tackling_cd_waste/index.html

      Dec 1, 2005 12:00 PM BY STEPHEN URSERY
      An article about C&D recycling ordinance of San Diego and Chicago’s effort to
      reach 50% recycling by 2007.
      • Waste News

      http://www.wastenews.com/headlines.html

      Short summaries are available, to read the articles a subscription required.
      • Recycling Today Magazine
      Registration required (free)

      http://www.recyclingtoday.com/categories/subcategory.asp?CatID=7

      • Construction & Demolition Recycling
      http://www.cdrecycler.com/magazine : articles available.
      • State of the Industry

      http://www.cdrecycler.com/articles/article.asp?ID=4844&AdKeyword=C%26

      D+recycling
      Four major challenges C&D industry faces this year: Disposal Ban in
      Massachusetts (the ban covers concrete, asphalt, brick, wood, metals and old
      corrugated containers), Changing the definition of Solid Waste in Florida
      (they plan to remove C&D from the solid waste definition), Revision to Ohio’s
      C&D regulation, Issue about gypsum wallboard made from flue gas de-
      sulphurization (recycling is a problem because it contains mercury and EPA
      made a “bad rule because it was overprotected” which “is killing the C&D
      recycling opportunity”).
      • MSW Management http://www.gradingandexcavating.com/msw.html
      Articles available.
      • BioCycle

      http://www.jgpress.com/biocycle.htm

      Some articles are free, but most of them require subscription.
      Organizations
      www.floridacenter.org
      (4/5/2006)
      Page 6
      • Implementing Deconstruction in Florida: Materials Reuse Issues,
      Disassembly Techniques, Economics and Policy
      Charles Kibert, 6/00, #00-05 (2,114 Kb, 112 pages).

      http://www.floridacenter.org/publications/Kibert.pdf

      • Recommended Management Practices for the Removal of Hazardous
      Materials from Buildings Prior to Demolition
      T. Townsend, 8/04, #0232009-04 (1.3 Mb, 65 pages).

      http://www.floridacenter.org/publications/Demo_Guide_04_FINAL.pdf

      (2004).
      • Contamination of Sediments in Street Sweepings and Stormwater
      Systems: Pollutant Composition and sediment Reuse Options
      Johan Leibens, 1/01, #00-10. (940 Kb, 73 pages)

      http://www.floridacenter.org/publications/leibens00-10.pdf

      • Disposal and Reuse Options for Used Sandblasting Grit Timothy
      Townsend, 5/97, #97-8 (summary only, 13 Kb, 4 pages). For more
      information on this subject, please visit Dr. Townsend’s solid waste page.

      http://www.floridacenter.org/publications/exec_97-8.pdf

      • Synopsis of Report: Building for the Future: Strategies to Reduce
      Construction and Demolition Waste in Municipal Projects
      Bette K. Fishbein, June 1998.
      The article identifies strategies that have been used around the country to
      reduce C&D waste during design, construction, and demolition phases of
      municipal building projects. The strategies include reusing existing buildings,
      extending building lifetime through effective maintenance, designing
      buildings to accommodate new functions and technologies, incorporating
      durable, reusable materials into design plans, and deconstructing buildings
      rather than tearing them down.
      http://www,informinc.org/buildfor future.php
      Other States/Cities/Counties
      Construction Waste
      General
      • Great Lakes Pollution Prevention Roundtable
      Sector Sources: Construction and Demolition
      Page 7
      List of and links to conferences, funding opportunities, documents, expert
      contacts, and questions.
      • Construction and demolition Recycling
      Institution Recycling Network, Wastemiser, waste management
      List of resources on C&D including sample specifications for C&D recycling.
      • Recycling Construction and Demolition Wastes: A Guide for
      Architects and Contractors
      April 2005 by Mark Lennon, Institution Recycling Network
      Document provides detailed info on C&D recycling including “nuts and bolts”,
      barriers and response, waste management plans, cases studies, and new
      products from C&D.
      Excellent reference—not fully printed out.
      USACOE
      • Concepts for Reuse and Recycling of Construction and Demolition
      Waste
      USACERL Technical Report 97/58 June 1999
      The report identifies primary opportunities, constraints and means to diver
      C&D debris from the solid waste stream, evaluates C&D material recycling
      technologies and materials, identifies construction materials from existing
      facilities that may be more directly salvaged or reused without substantial
      alteration or reprocessing, and developed guidelines that project managers
      can use to organize a construction project recycling program.
      SWANA Website E-Library
      • The Challenge of C&D: A Diversion Ordinance for Your Toolbox
      Young, Rufus C., Esq., Burke, Williams, & Sorenson, LLP, San Diego, CA.
      Model C&D recycling ordinance is provided based on California state law and
      regulations.
      • Recycling of Decommissioned CCA-Treated wood into Value-Added
      Engineered Wood Products
      Shupe, Todd F. and Chung Y. Hse
      Research on the recycling of CCA-treated wood for production of structural
      flakeboard was examined and a ratio of 50% treated wood with 50%
      untreated wood was the optimum combination for this use.
      • Life Beyond the Landfill
      Page 8
      Dugan, Kevin H., Collier County Solid Waste Management Department,
      Naples, FL
      Collier County has adopted a policy of diverting all C&D material from its
      Class I landfill to prolong its useful life. Concrete material is used to build
      artificial reefs.
      • Operation of a Construction and Demolition /debris Processing
      System in /St. Lucie County, FL: A Case Study
      Grothe, Eric J., Vann, Kevin N., and Leo J. Cordiero
      The processing facility utilizes screens, conveyors, an air separator, manual
      sorting stations, and rotary shear grinder to process and recover recyclable
      materials. The county also plans to mine the existing landfill to regain
      capacity and deliver recyclables. 70 to 80 % of the total C&D waste stream
      is recycled through the processing operation. The landfill life is estimated to
      double to 45 years and 50% of its volume will be recovered. A mobile
      screening system is used in the landfill recovery. Wastes not separated or
      sorted at the processing facility are ground and disposed of in the C&D
      landfill.
      • Processing Construction and Demolition Debris as a Business
      Larochelle, Leo R. and Byron Philbrick
      This article describes the Environmental Resource Return Corp (ERRCO) C&D
      processing facility in Epping, NH. The facility includes multiple picking
      stations, shredders, floatation tanks and screens. 600 tons per day is
      processed.
      Washington State
      www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/construction-recycling/calculate.asp
      • Cost-Effectiveness of Jobsite Recycling
      Provides guidelines for construction waste recycling at the jobsite. Recycling
      fees are generally less than disposal in King County, WA.
      www.metrokc.gov/drnp/swd/construction-recycling/specs-plans.asp
      • King County Solid Waste Division
      • Design Specifications and Waste Management Plans. Provides
      information on project design to promote recycling. Refers to example design
      specifications, waste management plans, and subcontractor agreements.
      California

      http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/lglibray/CandDmodel/Instruction/SB1374.htm

      Page 9
      California adopted a law in 2002 to promote the diversion of C&D wastes from
      landfills through developing a model ordinance and requiring counties to provide
      annual progress reports on the diversion of C&D wastes. Their website provides the
      model ordinance (to divert 50 to 75% of the waste) and ordinances from counties
      and cities that have developed and adopted the ordinances. The programs are
      primarily
      The website provides a guide for jurisdictions on how to develop a C&D ordinance.
      • California Integrated Waste Management Board Model Construction
      and Demolition Diversion Ordinance

      http://www.ciowmb.ca.gov/lglibrary/canddmodel/modelord.doc

      50-75% of the waste tonnage from a construction, demolition or renovation
      project shall be diverted from disposal. Projects on which this is required
      can include the cost of the project, the square footage; the program is based
      on a diversion deposit and a Waste Management Plan. The Waste
      Management Plan must be submitted with the volumes/amounts to be
      diverted, the hauler, the facilities, the expected diversion rates, and the
      amount to be disposed. The plan must be approved before a
      building/demolition permit is issued. The diversion deposit can be based on
      an amount of waste, square footage, project cost, fixed amount, etc. It is
      returned when reporting shows the plan has been met. Onsite practices and
      enforcement are also addressed in the model ordinance.
      A number of jurisdictions have developed ordinances and these are on the
      web page. These include Atherton, Berkeley, Castro Valley, Cotati, Fortuna,
      Half Moon Bay, La Habra, Laguna Hills, Palo Alto, Oakland, /Sacramento, San
      Francisco, San Jose, Santa Monica, Santa Rosa, and Willits. Counties include
      Contra Costa, and San Mateo. Other sample ordinances are also included.
      Discussion with Greg Dick of CIWMB (916 341-6489) indicates that all
      jurisdictions in CA must recycle 50 % of all solid waste or the state takes
      enforcement action. C&D recycling compliance was given time extensions,
      but this will soon be up. He indicated that each county establishes a baseline
      and then must report the amount of recycling done each year as a result of
      the implementation of their ordinance. Alameda County in the Bay area has
      established a recycling rate of 75% and provides additional technical
      assistance to the municipalities in their county.
      • Chapter 8.58 Construction and Demolition Debris Diversion Program.
      City of Glendale, CA.
      www.ci.glendale.ca.us/gmc/8.58.asp
      City of Glendale
      Page 10
      Building and demolition permits require a diversion rate of 50 percent for all
      covered projects. Plan must be submitted along with a fee and diversion
      security deposits, which is returned upon plan compliance.
      North Carolina
      • Do It Yourself Construction Recycling
      Guidance from Mecklesburg County, NC.
      www.charmeck.org/Departments/LUESA/Solid+Waste/Construction+Recyclin
      g/.
      • Become an Accredited Professional in Construction and Demolition
      Waste Management and Recycling
      www.wgba.org/artman/publish/article_378.shtml
      Wastecap training program for 5/2/06.
      Iowa
      Construction Waste Assessment: A Case study of the South Central Iowa Solid
      Waste Agency Environmental Center. January 2004. Compared construction waste
      recycling rates with those of USEPA study conducted in a 4 county area in IA.
      Considered barriers to recycling—lack of available markets, distance from
      processors, and cost of landfilling is cheaper than recycling. Found source
      reduction as most efficient.
      Minnesota
      • Information on C&D recycling in MN from MOEA.
      www.moea.state.mn.us/res/V_9/barriers.cfm
      • C&D Waste: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
      www.moea.state.mn.us/greenbuilding/waste.cfm
      Describes C&D recycling opportunities including the Minnesota Sustainable
      Design Guide, recycling markets directory, construction waste reduction
      opportunities, model deconstruction policy, and other resources.
      • Construction and Demolition Landfill Recovery/Reuse Site Model
      MNTAP website: www.mntap.umn.edu
      Based on cooperative venture in Becker and Clay Counties in 2003. Provides
      a four-step model for landfills.
      Massachusetts
      Page 11
      • Mass. Ban on C&D Too Be Implemented

      http://recyclingtoday.texterity.com/recyclingtoday/200510/templates/pagevi

      ewer?pm
      Article on proposed ban on certain C&D wastes in MA on 10/05.
      • Looking for a Big Bargain?
      Parade Magazine: www.parade.com
      Describes materials exchange programs and their benefits.
      Connecticut
      • Construction and Demolition Waste

      http://www.dep.state.ct.us/wst/recycle/candd.htm

      Description of C&D waste, legal classifications, disposal options, list of fact
      sheets.
      Wisconsin
      • Wastecap WI
      Call with Shannon Delaney, Outreach Specialist. She described WasteCap as
      a nonprofit funded by state grants, memberships and service charges. They
      provide construction and demo recycling services for all types of construction
      and demolition. They are effective as they reduce the cost for the builder and
      contractors as compared to disposal. As of April 11, 2006, the Governor of
      WI requires that all state building or construction must incorporate recycling.
      • WasteCap Wisconsin Construction and Demolition Waste
      Management Services
      Describes WasteCap’s services for planning, t3echnical and education
      assistance for construction and demolition projects. This includes
      monitoring, measures, and documentation of efforts. Results of some
      projects are provided such as Harley-Davidson Products in Milwaukee, WI
      where there was a 76% recycling by weight and disposed costs reduced by
      40%.
      • Rethinking Debris
      The Industry: Construction and Demolition Waste Reduction and
      Recycling Tips
      Article from WI DNR states that WI prohibits some metals, glass containers,
      and cardboard from landfills and encourages recycling of four other materials
      Page 12
      from the C&D waste streams—wood, drywall, paper, and metals.
      Suggestions are provided on how to prevent generation of these wastes and
      better manage the wastes generated. Short case studies provided.
      Illinois
      • Construction and Demolition Site Recycling Directory

      http://www..epa.state.il.us/small-business/construction-debris/

      This website provides basic information on C&D debris management in IL.
      Recycling is encouraged and technical guidance is provided in the document
      available from Illinois EPA.
      • Illinois Waste Management and Research Center
      Green Development and Construction Program

      http://wmrc.uiuc.edu/main_sections/tech_assist/green_development.cfm

      Provides info on technical assistance provided by WMRC including Green
      Building, C&D recycling, how to develop a program—specifications of Section
      01010 Project Sustainability Goals and Section 01505 Construction Waste
      Management. Green Building links are included.
      Chicago, IL
      • http://www.newrules.org/environment/chicago.html
      Comprehensive summary of relevant rules, with links to City of Chicago
      website. Rules were approved on 12/15/04 requiring C&D recycling. 25% of
      all materials by weight must be recycled after 3/1/06. This increases to 50
      % on 1/1/07. Contractors must submit info demonstrating their compliance
      in order to obtain their certificate of occupancy as determined by the Dept. of
      Environment. Fines are also provided for.
      • City of Chicago C&D Best Management Practices

      http://egov.cityofchicago.org/webportal/COCWebPortal/COC_ATTACH/ConstB

      estMgmtPractices2.pdf
      This includes site cleanliness, construction site recycling, and best
      management practices.
      Vermont
      • Reducing Vermont’s Construction Waste

      http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/wastediv/recycling/CandD.htm

      Page 13
      Websites with information to prevent and reduce waste generated during
      construction. These include: Planning for Waste Reduction, Jobsite Case
      Studies, C&D Reports, VT Green Building Network, and Contract
      Specifications.
      USEPA
      • Building Strategies: Strategies for Waste Reduction of C&D Debris
      from Buildings
      USEPA-530-F-00-001, June 2000.
      Provides general info on C&D recycling, information on model programs, and
      some case studies such as an apartment building, corporate headquarters,
      and office tower.
      • RCRA in Focus: Construction, Demolition, and Renovation
      EPA-530-04-005 September 2004
      Document provides basic info on C&C management including identifying
      hazardous waste and waste reduction techniques, applicable environmental
      laws, and contacts.
      Waste Streams
      • Street Sweepings—see Hiway Recycling fact sheet on C&D for link to specs.
      General
      • MnDOT Waste Products in Highway Construction
      April 1993
      Information on fly ash reuse is provided.
      • MPCA. Solid Waste Utilization—Standing Beneficial Use
      Determinations
      www.pca.state.mn.us/waste/swutil/sbud.html
      Provides a list of MN standing beneficial uses—wood, newspaper, glass, latex
      paint, porcelain fixtures, crumb rubber, tire shreds, tire chips, concrete,
      bituminous, coal combustion slag, fly ash, foundry sands, uncontaminated
      by-product limes, MOSS and tear off shingle scarp and the conditions under
      which they may be reused.
      Gypsum
      • National Gypsum Company Wallboard Calculator

      http://www.nationalgypsum.com/resources/wbcalculator.html

      Page 14
      Online program to calculate the amount of wallboard needed for a project by
      dimensions.
      • Street Sweepings—see Hiway Recycling fact sheet on C&D for link to specs.
      • Agricultural Gypsum

      http://www.alliedcustomgypsum.com/ACGmark_agriculture.htm

      This website by Allied Gypsum describes two products they have that use
      recycled gypsum for agricultural uses. Benefits of gypsum use are described
      and links are given for amounts of gypsum needed.
      • Beneficial Use of Solid Waste in Maine

      http://useit.umaine.edu/materials/gypsum/beneficial_uses.htm

      March 2006.
      This article reviews how recycled gypsum can be combined with new gypsum
      to create new wallboard. It also goes over how recycled gypsum alone can be
      turned into new wallboard. Other uses for gypsum include castings in the
      medical field and supplements in lakes and food for human or animal
      consumption.
      • Gypsum Drywall
      2006.

      http://www.cdrecycler.com/categories/detail.asp?SubCatID=87&CatID=7

      This website put out by Construction and Demolition Recycling has a variety
      of links about the recycling and reuse of gypsum.
      • Wallboard (drywall) Recycling
      December 2004

      http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/ConDemo/Wallboard/

      This article by California construction and demolition reviews problems,
      economics, waste prevention, reuse, and existing markets for recycled
      drywall. It covers these topics fairly well and is a very informational article.
      • Gypsum

      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gypsum/gypsumcs04.pd

      f
      January 2004.
      This article was written about how much gypsum is mined each year by the
      U.S. and countries around the world. It gives information on amounts mined,
      what they were used for, and some recycling options. The article has a lot of
      numbers for informational values.
      Page 15
      • Innovative Gypsum Recycling Program- Now in England

      http://www.agcmass.org/emplibrary/MassRecycler%203.14.06v.3.doc

      Gypsum Recycling America is now accepting new gypsum wallboard and
      scrap for their Cambridge, Massachusetts facility. GRA will give competitive
      pricing schemes to contractors, disposal contractors, owners, and builders
      along with anyone interested in diverting new gypsum scrap away from the
      landfills.
      • Innovative Recycling and Marketing Gypsum Wallboard from C and D
      Waste Stream

      http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/recycling/In

      novativeGrants/IGYear7/fullprop/St.LucieProposal_05-06.pdf
      2005.
      This grant application form from the Florida Department of Environmental
      Protection goes over requests for grant dealing with the recycling of gypsum.
      The money from the grant will go to buying equipment to help with the
      recycling of gypsum. The process of recycling the gypsum is covered in good
      detail.
      • Emissions Factor Gypsum Manufacturing

      http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch11/bgdocs/b11s16.pdf

      The EPA reviews the sales of gypsum and goes over some of the policies that
      gypsum manufactures must follow regarding emissions from their facility.
      The process of how gypsum products are made is shown.
      • Waste Matters

      http://www.nord.ca/services/swr/waste_matters/october_2005.pdf

      October 2005
      The Regional District of North Okanagan is partnering with other
      organizations to build an environmental education centre. This article talks
      about the plans for this centre, but the important part of the article is the
      insert about gypsum recycling program. Okanagan recently banned any
      recyclable gypsum products from their landfills and expects more than 600
      tons of gypsum will be diverted to a recycling facility in Vancouver.
      • Gypsum Wallboard Recycling and Reuse Opportunities in the State of
      Vermont

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/23/22738.pdf

      August 2000
      Page 16
      This report focuses on construction and demolition waste, particularly
      gypsum waste. The report talks about recycling gypsum and some
      alternative uses which include livestock bedding, cement production, flea
      powder, grease spill absorbent, and many more.
      • Waste Management at the Construction Site

      http://www.pathnet.org/si.asp?id=1069

      The paper discusses problems involved with construction and demolition
      waste created in the U.S. Gypsum involved in building is starting to be
      recycled, but many people do not recycle due to the price of new gypsum
      being so low.
      • Gypsum and Drywall Recycling

      http://www.recycle.net/Minerals/gypsum/index.html

      June 2006
      The website recyclers’ world has many links to recyclers of gypsum and
      drywall products along with equipment that is needed to recycle gypsum
      products and gypsum recycling associations.
      • National Gypsum to Recycle Waste Wallboard

      http://www.national-gypsum.com/about/news/2005/news170.html

      January 2005
      National Gypsum Company has agreed to buy wallboard waste collected from
      new construction sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. After this
      program has started new programs are in going to hopefully be in the works.
      • New West Gypsum Recycling

      http://www.nwgypsum.com/english/home.htm

      2003
      New West Gypsum Recycling is a worldwide company with the headquarters
      located in Canada that deals specifically with recycling gypsum products.
      They have a good website that explains the entire recycling process from
      start to finish and tells a little about the equipment involved in the process
      and the environmental impacts.
      • Recycled Plasterboard in Agriculture Applications Receive Funding by
      Wrap

      http://www.azobuild.com/news.asp?newsID=2121

      April 2006
      Page 17
      The waste and resource program (WRAP) has received funding for two trial
      programs that involve using gypsum in agricultural applications. The first
      project would involve using recycled plasterboard for dairy cattle bedding.
      The second project deal with gypsum being a good soil conditioner on
      commercial farms.
      Contaminated Soil
      • The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soils

      http://www.grac.org/spring98/review.htm

      By Stephen M Tesla.
      Review of handbook for the use and reuse of contaminated soils. Discusses
      field, laboratory, and engineering considerations for the many sources of
      contaminated soils. (Copy of review only.)
      • Reuse and Disposal of Contaminated Soil at Massachusetts Landfills
      MA Department of Environmental Protection. Policy # Comm-97-001.
      The policy describes allowable contaminant levels, procedures and
      requirements for reuse and disposal of contaminated soils at lined landfills
      including testing, tracking, transport or disposal of the soils. (Copy provided.)
      • Memo #1 Petroleum –contaminated Soil Guidance Policy

      http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/der/starts/pr6star1.html

      Spill Technology and Remediation Series (STARS) provides direction on the
      management of petroleum-contaminated soil in NY, including beneficial
      reuse. This includes in hot mix asphalt as an aggregate, in cold mix asphalt,
      concrete, roadway subbase
      • Innovative Uses of Compost- Composting of Soils Contaminated by
      Explosives

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/compost/explos.pdf

      October 1997
      This article written by the EPA goes over how soil at ammunition sites gets
      contaminated. The article goes over how composting the contaminated soils
      clean the soil of any contaminants. The process involves microorganisms that
      eat the contaminants that the soil contains. After this process the soil can be
      used in any application normal soil would.
      Page 18
      • Land farming: Cleaning Dirty Dirt

      http://web.missouri.edu/soilwww/290_2002/dirtydir.htm

      This article contained information about soils that were contaminated by
      gasoline. It goes over how bioremediation can clean the soil and remove
      contaminants. Some problems with this process involve turning the
      contaminated soil while the composting process is talking place. This may
      create air problems along with odor problems.
      • Remediation of Radioactively Contaminated Soils

      http://www-emtd.lanl.gov/TD/Remediation/RadioSoils.html

      February 1996
      Radioactively contaminated soils can now be cleaned and used for application
      that regular soils would be used for. The article goes over the process of how
      this is possible.
      • Heavy Oil Contaminated Soil Purification System

      http://www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/techno/n41_oilsoil/n41_oilsoil.htm

      2001
      Bioremediation is used in the process of cleaning soil that is contaminated
      with heavy oils. The site goes over the process and explains how
      bioremediation works as a purification system.
      • Bioremediation

      http://www.ersremediation.com/bio/bio.html

      Many examples of contaminated soils cleanup are given. They also list many
      different contaminants and how each is treated.
      • Contaminated Soil Treatment, Soil Washing, Soil Cleaning, Soil
      Separation, and Sediment Treatment

      http://www.art-engineering.com/Soil%20Treatment.htm

      Website containing different cleanup sites. Pictures are shown and
      explanations are given as to what is happening. Very informational and
      pictures help visualize the processes.
      • Reuse and Disposal of Contaminated Soil at Massachusetts Landfills

      http://www.mass.gov/dep/images/97-001.pdf

      August 1997
      Page 19
      The Massachusetts Environmental Protection Agency wrote this policy to
      inform the public on requirements, standards, and approvals for
      contaminated soil use.
      • Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Clean Up Soils

      http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun00/soil0600.htm

      August 2004
      The USDA goes over some examples of how plants can clean up
      contaminated soil and then be used to create energy. The process involves
      growing the plants, cutting them, bailing them, and then burning them to
      create energy. After that the ashes can be sold as ore because of the high
      metal content.
      • A Citizens Guide to Washing Soil

      http://www.clu-in.org/download/citizens/soilwashing.pdf

      May 2001
      The EPA put out this booklet to inform the public on how soils washing works,
      and what some benefits of soil washing are. An illustration shows the process
      and how everything is done.
      • A Citizens Guide to Thermal Desorption

      http://www.clu-in.org/download/citizens/citthermal.pdf

      April 2001
      A booklet written by the EPA describing how desorption works and when they
      choose this soil cleaning method. A picture shows how everything is prepared
      and how the process takes place.
      • Lead Contaminated Soils

      http://epa.gov/region10/leadsoil.pdf

      August 2005
      The EPA created this pamphlet to inform new home owners along with
      owners trying to sell their property about the possibility of lead contaminated
      soils surrounding their homes. The soil is generally contaminated form lead
      based paints that were used in the past. Health risks and testing procedures
      are given.
      • They All Like It Hot: Faster Cleanup of Contaminated Soil and
      Groundwater

      http://www.llnl.gov/str/pdfs/05_98.pdf

      May 1998
      Page 20
      This in depth review goes over how soil at the Visalia superfund site was
      cleaned much faster than expected by using heat as a main component in
      the cleaning process. Aerial photos along with pictures showing how the heat
      treatment works are included in the review.
      • Contaminated Soil Disposal

      http://www.remtech1.com/contaminated_soil_disposal.htm

      The first fully approved soil disposal site for petroleum-contaminated soil was
      approved and built near Spokane International Airport in Washington.
      Fly Ash
      • State Regulation of Fly Ash Use in Subbase Stabilization and Fill for
      Highway Construction in the MN Region

      http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlt/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id+JMCEE

      7000015000
      April 2006
      Review of use of fly ash in MN, IL, LA, Manitoba, ND, SD, and WI. States are
      looking at alternative uses for fly ash in addition to cement replacement in
      concrete and use in aggregate for concrete or concrete products (MN). Most
      states have some experimentation in flowable fill and soil stabilization
      applications.
      • Reuse of Incinerator Fly Ash in Soft Soil Stabilization
      J. Mat. in Civil Engineering. Volume 15, Issue 4, pp335-343 July/August 2003
      Fly ash is a potential source of jet grouting admixture for soil. Strength is
      improved to more than 75 times that of untreated clay. Leaching of metals
      was also reviewed.
      Street Sweepings and Car Wash Sand Grit
      • Reuse & Disposal of Street Sweepings
      www.mass.gov/dep/recycle/laws/stsweep.htm
      MassDEP. Policy #BWO-94-092
      Street sweepings can be used for daily cover at landfills, fill in public
      roadways, additive to restricted use compost.
      • Guidance Document for Management of Street Sweepings and Other
      Road clean Up Materials
      www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/sweeping.htm
      Solid and Hazardous Waste Program for State of NJ. 2/11/04
      Page 21
      Guidance for management of street sweepings is provided along with
      examples of uses—fill for potholes, embankment for emergency road repairs,
      containment/absorption for HW spill response, subbase fill, deicing/antiskid
      material, landfill cover, and asphalt.
      • Guidance for Municipal Management Practices for Street Sweepings
      and Catch Basin Cleanings
      Connecticut DEP, January 2005.
      Guidance for management and reuse of street sweepings including fill on
      industrial or commercial property, spill clean ups, and disposal.
      • State of Connecticut department of environmental protection
      guideline for municipal management practices for street sweepings
      and catch basin cleanings

      http://dep.state.ct.us/wst/solidw/street_sweepings.pdf

      January 2005
      Describes street sweepings and catch basins along with planning
      considerations for both. Reviews storage regulations, filtering process, and
      reuse options. Some options include; sweepings to be mixed with new sand
      and used for application to roadways in winter, daily cover on active landfills,
      fill for roadsides and medians as long as they are not located near a lake,
      wetland or river, and mixing into concrete or asphalt operations.
      • Contamination of Sediments in street sweepings and storm water
      systems

      http://www.floridacenter.org/publications/leibens00-10.pdf

      January 2001
      Article written to provide information on testing street sweepings and what
      types of chemicals the sediment absorbs during the period of time it was on
      the road. Goes over the process of how to clean the sediment and uses for
      the sediment when cleaned. Some suggestions for cleaned sediment include;
      park applications, playgrounds, landscaping, fill, unpaved roads, road
      shoulders, and land application.
      • Anchorage Street Sweeping Management Plan

      http://wms.geonorth.com/library/Documents/Reports/BMP_Guidance/02_StS

      wep_doc.pdf
      Document No. WMP CPp02001, August 2002
      Document explaining regulations for the town of Anchorage. Briefly goes over
      federal solid and hazardous waste standards. Includes state of Alaska
      Page 22
      regulations. The document goes over some uses for street sweepings in
      anchorage, which include; regrading snow removal sites, fill for street
      maintenance and construction, and immediate use by street sweeping
      contractors on public projects. Reviews plan to ensure environmentally sound
      use and management of street sweepings.
      • Reprocessing and Refuse of Street Solids

      http://www.cwc.org/industry/ibp975rpt.pdf

      June 1997
      This report was written for the Clean Washington Center (CRC). The
      Washington State Department of Ecology defined street sweepings as
      municipal solid waste, which has had a large financial impact on both public
      and private parties. In Washington State street wastes fall into two
      categories. Class A street sweepings, which are mostly used for reuse on
      streets for traction. And class B Street sweepings, which are used for landfill
      daily cover. The report describes numerous ways that the waste is filtered
      and cleaned.
      • Reuse and Disposal of Street Sweepings

      http://www.floridacenter.org/publications/leibens00-10.pdf

      This policy written by the Department of Environmental Protection Reviews
      many ways that street sweeping wastes are used in the state of
      Massachusetts. Street sweepings in Massachusetts are considered solid waste
      and must be taken care of according to solid waste regulations. Street
      sweepings that meet requirements for daily cover at MSW landfills need no
      approval from the DEP. The DEP does not need to approve street waste when
      it is used for street fill or composting when certain criteria are met. Disposal
      of street sweepings in landfills is permitted, but only used as a last source.
      Alternative uses are being used because of landfill tipping fees, and increased
      transportation fees.
      • Fact sheet for Carwash Facilities

      http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/HWB/data/Fact_Sheets/FACT%20SHEET%20

      FOR%20CAR%20WASH%20FACILITIES.doc
      This fact sheet was produced by the New Mexico Environmental Department
      Hazardous Waste Bureau to provide information regarding waste produced by
      commercial carwash businesses. Commercial carwashes produce hazardous
      waste primarily from the sand traps located on site. Sand trap waste must be
      tested and if determined hazardous waste the facility is responsible for
      sending the waste to the appropriate storage site. Waste from these sand
      traps is tested for heavy metals such as lead, Cadmium, and mercury using
      Page 23
      the EPA method 6010. Roughly 90% of this waste tested is not considered
      hazardous waste and can be disposed of through other methods.
      • Managing Street Sweepings

      http://www.pca.state.mn.us/waste/pubs/4_54.pdf

      September 1997.
      This fact sheet is written by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency reviewing
      street sweepings and uses for street sweepings. Street sweepings are
      described as sand, salt, leaves, and debris removed from city streets,
      parking lots, and sidewalks. The PCA suggest not using street sweepings in
      certain areas such as playgrounds, children play areas, residential yards, and
      any area where human contact continuously occurs. Reuses suggested by the
      PCA include; Mix with new for winter road application, daily cover on landfills,
      and construction fill.
      • Should Worcester Use the Green Hill Park Landfill for Street
      Sweepings and Catch Basin Materials?

      http://www.wrrb.org/Reports/98-1greenhill.pdf

      January 1996
      This report written by the Worcester Municipal Research Bureau goes over
      how Worcester should dispose of their street sweepings, and possibly use the
      street sweepings to cover the Green Hill Park Landfill so it meets the current
      landfill cap standards. This plan would take several years to complete, but
      would take care of large quantities of street sweepings that otherwise would
      need to be landfilled which would cost the community large amounts of
      money. Some oppose this idea and believe the landfill should be capped
      immediately due to environmental hazards. Worcester’s Department of Public
      Works has made several plans that could be used to avoid the high tipping
      costs and other costs involved in alternative disposal methods if the landfill
      cap plan is approved.
      • Management of Road Wastes

      http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/rrtp/ss.htm

      This document was written by the New Jersey Department of Environmental
      Protection to explain the different contamination levels of road waste and
      describes uses for this waste. The document describes management options
      for both hazardous waste and non hazardous waste produced from street
      sweepings and goes over how both of these materials must be handled and
      stored. Uses for road waste are also discussed and many different options
      are given.
      Page 24
      • Roadside Management and Maintenance: Beyond Vegetation

      http://environment.transportation.org/environmental_issues/construct_main

      t_prac/compendium/manual/10_16.aspx
      This Policy was created by the American Association of State Highways and
      Transportation Officials. The policy goes over what is considered road waste.
      It describes how some is contaminated and cannot be used for anything;
      where as other waste may be acceptable for many uses. The policy includes
      information on catch basin waste as well as road and roadside dirt debris
      waste. It gives reuse options for both.
      • Road waste Management: A Tool for Developing District Plans

      http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/docs/Reports/RoadWasteMng_tool

      .pdf
      October 2000
      This report was done for the Oregon Department of Transportation and
      meant to assist in solutions for roadside waste. The report reviews current
      waste management recommendations as well as future recommendations.
      The report was created to help districts in determining how much and what
      type of waste is being produced on their roadsides, and how to dispose of, or
      manage the waste. A flowchart included in the chart helped to determine
      what to do with road waste.
      • Management of Street Wastes

      http://www.des.state.nh.us/factsheets/sw/sw-32.htm

      May 2006
      This fact sheet was written by the New Hampshire Department of
      Environmental Services. It includes information including disposal, reuse, and
      catch basin cleaning.
      Foundry Sands
      • Case Study: Low Energy Recycling of Foundry Sand

      http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/case/michigan/mich-cs4.html

      November 1995
      Wolverine Bronze Company needed to find a way to recycle foundry sands
      that was easy, cheap, and practical. Thermal recycling was tried first with no
      success due to high costs. They then tried the low energy system design.
      This worked better for them and results with the product were greater along
      with the price being lower.
      • Beneficial Use of Foundry Sand in Barrier Layers Construction
      Page 25

      http://geoserver.cee.wisc.edu/buic/current.htm

      Foundry sands were studied and found to be a good material for barrier
      layers for landfills and other environmental areas that may need some type
      of natural cover. Foundry sands were tested and found to be just as effective
      as clay so foundry sands can be used instead of virgin material for covers.
      • Use of Spent Foundry Sand in Manufactured Topsoil

      http://environmentalsoils.cas.psu.edu/foundrysand.html

      2006
      Foundry sands were used in topsoil applications for a Penn State experiment.
      Results showed that some types of plants actually grew faster with the
      foundry sands being the topsoil while none grew less than normal. Results
      are shown with many graphs and explanations for each unit.
      • States Regulatory Disparities, Stigma Confound Foundries Efforts to
      Recycle Sand

      http://www.glbma.org/news/010625-huron-sand.html

      June 2001
      State regulations determine if foundry sands are applicable to land. This is a
      hot topic for many because foundry sands have been found to not be harmful
      to the environment, yet some states still require the material to be land
      filled.
      • Foundry Sand

      http://www.rmrc.unh.edu/Partners/UserGuide/fs1.htm

      Foundry sand is defined and a good description is given. Disposal methods
      and alternatives uses are listed with the process of how sand molds are
      formed is shown.
      • Foundry Sand

      http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/fs3.htm

      Foundry sand can be used as flowable fill. Flowable fill is a fill that is used in
      many fill applications such as road beds, trenches that are no longer needed,
      and abandoned wells. The process of getting the sand ready includes
      crushing and screening the sand to reduce the size and remove any large
      pieces. Construction methods are listed.
      • The Foundry Industry…Recycling Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
      Page 26

      http://www.afsinc.org/Govn/downloads/RecyclingBrochure.pdf

      This brochure created by the American Foundry Society has many pictures of
      how the recycling process happens and what end results are created. Facts
      are given about some foundries that seem to be almost impossible, but
      according to them are accurate.
      • The Toxic Compounds and Leaching Characteristics of Spent Foundry
      Sands, November 2000

      http://www.brunel.ac.uk/controls/common/getImage.aspx?imageId=298

      Some foundry sands are considered hazardous waste while others are not.
      This is the problem when recycling comes into play. To be able to land apply
      foundry sands they need to be tested and approved by your states EPA. This
      report covers how leachate from foundry sands can be harmful to the
      surrounding environment.
      • Beneficial Reuse of Spent Foundry Sand

      http://www.cwc.org/industry/ibp951fs.pdf

      August 1996
      Foundry sands can be used in many different things after it has been spent.
      A list of many reuses is given which includes: asphalt concrete, composting
      additive, concrete, bricks and pavers, and Portland cement.
      • Using Waste Foundry Sand As Reactive Media in Permeable Reactive
      Barriers

      http://www.dnr.wisconsin.gov/org/water/dwg/gw/research/reports/147.pdf

      January 2002
      This study was done by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
      along with the University of Wisconsin system.
      • Resource Conservation Challenge: Reusing and Recycling Industrial
      Materials

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/resources/bene-use.pdf

      The Environmental Protection Agency lists coal ash, foundry sands, and
      construction and demolition debris in this article and suggests uses for each.
      • Case Studies of Beneficial Uses of Foundry Sands

      http://www.epa.gov/ispd/metalcasting/reuseb.pdf

      October 2002
      Page 27
      Reviews case studies in Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Virginia. Uses for the
      sands are listed and performance is graded.
      • EPA Guidelines: Used Foundry Sands

      http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/pdfs/guide_foundrysand.pdf

      September 2003
      The environmental Protection Agency has guidelines that need to be followed
      concerning spent foundry sands. The guidelines are explained for recycling,
      disposal, and transportation.
      • Geoenvironmental Behavior of Foundry Sand Amended Mixtures for
      Highway Subbases

      http://www.glue.umd.edu/aydilek/FSsand.pdf

      June 2005
      A laboratory-testing program performed tests that compared the use of
      foundry sand for road subbase to the original material used for road subbase.
      The results showed that the road with foundry sands for subbase was more
      tolerable to cold temperatures like winter can bring. The water testing that
      was done on the runoff showed that both were meeting standards set by the
      EPA.
      • Spent Foundry Sands

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03273.pdf

      June 1996
      This short article gives a couple options for the use of spent foundry sands.
      The article recommends using sands as embankments that would normally
      be built out of soil. Another suggestion is flowable backfill.
      • University Researchers Test Using Foundry Sand and Slag in Concrete

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/18/17260.pdf

      Results from studies done at the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee show
      that foundry sand can be effectively used in concrete when the concrete
      contains 35% sand. The second part of the article covers foundry sand used
      in Portland cement.
      • Waste Foundry Sand- A Resource in Composting and soil Production

      http://www.nordicinnovation.net/article.cfm?id=3-853-326

      2006
      Page 28
      European people are experimenting with foundry sands in a way that can
      help them be more sustainable. They are mixing small amounts of foundry
      sands into compost. The results are not yet known and the experiment is still
      in progress.
      • Recycling of Iron Foundry Sand and Glass Waste as Raw Material for
      Production of Whiteware

      http://wmr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/24/1/60

      2006
      Foundry sand and glass can be mixed to make ceramic products. This would
      decrease the amount of virgin material needed and be a good use for spent
      foundry sand and glass.
      • Recycled Foundry Sand

      http://www.foundryrecycling.org/org/whatis.html

      This article written by FIRST (Foundry Industry Recycling Starts Today)
      explains what foundry sands are composed of and how sand can be recycled.
      A beneficial reuse overview is given listing uses for recycled sand.
      Shredder Fluff
      • Texas Company Tackles Shredder Fluff- Turnpoint Engineering- Scrap

      http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3MKT/is_n227_v98/ai_9154386

      November 1990
      Turnpoint engineering has developed a way to create a gas from automobile
      shredder fluff that can run a generator to create energy. Daily amounts and
      other information on the process are given.
      • Recycling company to Pay 20,000 Penalty for Environmental Violations

      http://www.pca.state.mn.us/news/data/newsRelease.cfm?NR=268430&type

      =2
      August 2005
      The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency fined an auto recycling center in
      Duluth, MN for not having correct licenses for hazardou8s waste generation.
      Hazardous waste is generated while the shredding process takes place and
      correct licenses must be present if not legal action takes place.
      • East Washington Fluff

      http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/waste/sps/download/phoenix/ewf.pdf

      Page 29
      A review of an auto shredder fluff site was completed and results were given.
      The results showed some contaminants in the soil, but not in the
      groundwater for the area. Future plans for the site are reviewed.
      • Recycling Company to Pay 20,000 for Environmental Violations

      http://www.pca.state.mn.us/news/data/newsRelease.cfm?NR=268430&type

      =2
      August 2005
      A Duluth Minnesota salvage company has been fined for not possessing the
      correct licenses for hazardous waste production. The Minnesota Pollution
      Control Agency inspected the company and found large amounts of auto
      shredder fluff that was considered a hazardous waste and no license was
      present.
      • Cover to Cover: Operational Problems With Alternative Daily Cover

      http://www.nyfederation.org/PDF2005/49Pollock.pdf

      This power point presentation goes over many different options for daily
      cover at landfills. Auto shredder fluff is one possibility. Problems with stability
      have been noticed along with other observations.
      • Green vs. Green

      http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_10_179/ai_57513420

      October 1999
      Some automakers are now trying to create vehicles that are nearly 100%
      recyclable. The problem is that many products that are recycled from
      vehicles are much more expensive than new products that have not been
      recycled.
      • Management of End of Life Vehicles in the U.S.

      http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS01-01.pdf

      March 2001
      This report covers many things involved with the use of vehicles in the U.S.
      along with what happens to the vehicles when they have been dismantled to
      be recycled. Uses of the recycled product are reviewed and regulations are
      listed.
      • Automotive Salvage Yard Waste Management Practices in Colorado

      http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/hm/autosalvage.pdf

      June 2006
      Page 30
      Good review of the auto salvage process including what to do with shredder
      waste, and how it may be considered a hazardous waste if not shredded and
      emptied properly.
      • End of Life Vehicles in Ireland

      http://www.epa.ie/NewsCentre/ReportsPublications/Waste/FileUpload,381,en

      .pdf
      December 2002
      This report was written by the Environmental Protection Agency of Ireland on
      end of life vehicles. Environmental concerns are reviewed and alternative
      uses are given. Legislative topics are brought up and industry regulations are
      mentioned.
      MSW Ash
      • Reuse of Incinerator Fly Ash in Soft Soil Stabilization
      J. Mat. in Civ.Engrg. Volume 15, Issue 4, pp335-343
      July/August 2003
      Fly ash is a potential source of jet grouting admixture for soil. Strength is
      improved to more than 75 times that of untreated clay. Leaching of metals
      was also reviewed.
      • Case Studies for MSW Ash Residue Re-Use Applications

      http://www.ieabioenergytask36.org/task36_supporting_documents/task36_p

      dfs/publications/Mangement_of_Residues_from_Thernal_Processes_Appendix
      1.PDF
      Case studies from six different countries are given along with results from
      each.
      • Use of Bottom Ash From Municipal Solid Waste Incineration as a
      Road Material

      http://www.flyash.info/2001/conprod3/37izqu.pdf

      2001
      This article written by the University of Kentucky reviews the use of MSW ash
      for roadway beds. The results show that the ash is a good substrate for
      roadbeds because it can be compacted easily.
      • Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Ash

      http://www.des.state.nh.us/SWPlan/IV_IncineratorAsh.pdf

      Page 31
      Good background on MSW ash and how it is created. Health and
      environmental issues are given along with recycling and disposal options.
      Information on policies and grant programs are listed to inform the reader of
      possibilities.
      • MSW Combustor Ash

      http://www.rmrc.unh.edu/Partners/UserGuide/mswca1.htm

      This site gives a lot of good information on the entire process from how MSW
      ash is created to how it can be dealt with. Both chemical and physical
      properties are given and explained with tables.
      Sewage Sludge and Sewage Sludge Ash
      • Agricultural Uses of Sewage Sludge and Water and Their Impacts on
      Soil Water and Environmental Health in Haryana India

      http://crops.confex.com/crops/wc2006/techprogram/P12698.HTM

      July 2006
      This article written by the International Union of Soil Sciences explains how
      the large population increase in India is causing problems with the amount of
      waste being created. The most common use for waste sludge is adding to
      cropland. This is good, but can only be done to a certain level due to heavy
      metal that is being found in the waste.
      • Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge

      http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2002/June/Day-12/w14761.htm

      June 2002
      The EPA standards for the use and application of sewage sludge are given
      along with much more information.
      • Dumping Sewage Sludge on Organic Farms

      http://www.ewg.org/reports/sludgememo/sludge.html

      April 1998
      In 1997 the USDA brought up the idea of using municipal sewage sludge on
      organic foods. This brought up many ideas and differences among many
      groups. Questions regarding the food industry and sewage sludge are very
      common along with human health concerns. Large amounts of heavy metals
      such as lead, cadmium, and mercury found in the waste are concerns.
      • Using Composted Sewage Sludge in the Production and Maintenance
      of Ornamental Plants
      Page 32

      http://www.agnr.umd.edu/MCE/Publications/Publication.cfm?ID=192

      1992
      Article written for the University of Maryland regarding the use of sewage
      sludge in composting mix used for flowers, trees, and shrubs.
      • The Beneficial Uses of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids

      http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/Sludge/Beneficial.pdf

      1996
      This article goes over management practices, regulations on sludge use, and
      land application uses for sludge. It stresses proper employee training to
      those who may be applying sludge along with best management practices
      being followed.
      • Considerations for Dairy Farms Regarding the Use of Sewage
      Sludges, Sludge Products and Septage

      http://cwmi.css.cornell.edu/Sludge/Dairysludgesummary.pdf

      November 2003
      This report covers some guidelines for the use of sewage sludge and some
      suggestions are given about the amount that should be applied. The
      surrounding areas to the land that is getting the application also need to be
      considered.
      • Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices

      http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/biosolids_final.pdf

      2002
      Possible uses of sewage sludge are given including land application and
      landfilling. One method that was banned in 1992 was ocean dumping of
      sewage sludge. In 1993 the EPA created regulations regarding the amount of
      sewage sludge applied to land under the Clean Water Act.
      • Disposal and Recycling Routes for Sewage Sludge

      http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/sludge/synthesisreport020222.pdf

      February 2002
      This report done by the European commission covers topics such as scientific
      and technical analysis, regulatory analysis, economic analysis, and sludge
      use acceptance analysis.
      • Sludge Management, Processing, Treatment, and Disposal
      Page 33

      http://www.fwrj.com/articles2/9911.pdf

      November 1999
      Disposal of biosolids to landfill is considered a good alternative if methane
      gas is being collected from that particular landfill. Otherwise this is not
      considered a good alternative. If methane collection is not available land
      application is the best alternative. Currently over half (54%) of biosolids are
      being recycled in the U.S.
      • The Dirty Work of Promoting “Recycling” of Americas Sewage Sludge

      http://www.ijoeh.com/pfds/IJOEH_1104_Snyder.pdf

      This article goes over what is considered sludge and how sludge should be
      used in the environment. It also goes over how sludge can be a mixture of
      things people do not normally think about when the term sludge is used.
      • Sludge or Biosolids

      http://www.neiwpcc.org/PDF_Docs/general.pdf

      October 2001
      This packet was created by the Environmental Protection Agency to let the
      public know the difference between sludge and biosolids. Some suggested
      uses are given for the use of biosolids along with beneficial treatment
      procedures.
      • Sewage Sludge Incineration

      http://www.neiwpcc.org/PDF_Docs/sewage.pdf

      October 2001
      This packet was created by the Environmental Protection Agency to inform
      the public on how sewage sludge can be incinerated. It shows the process
      that takes place and also the equipment that is needed to complete the
      process.
      • Sewage Sludge Use on Agricultural Land

      http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/crpsl2/MF1168.PDF

      1991
      Kansas State University extension service wrote this article to inform people
      about the uses of sewage sludge. It goes over the special restrictions for
      sewage sludge that are required for land application to protect the
      environment.
      Page 34
      • A Green Blue Print for Sewage Sludge Disposal

      http://www.sas.org.uk/SAS%20Sludge1.pdf

      This article has many good ideas and uses for sewage sludge. Some
      examples include ag use, sludge compost, and forestry use. Each of these
      uses is described in the report. Along with uses the report includes
      information on heavy metals found in sewage sludge and how they may
      effect our environment as well.
      • Hard Facts About the Risks and Benefits of Using Treated Sewage
      Sludge/Biosolids on Land

      http://www.slopublichealth.org/environmentalhealth/simpler_risks_english.p

      df
      August 2000
      This article explains how nitrogen, phosphorous, and micronutrients are in
      biosolids and what form they are in. It also goes over the risks involved with
      using biosolids because they may contain pathogens and heavy metals,
      which may contaminate our groundwater.
      • Land Application of Biosolids

      http://www.lagoonsonline.com/landapply.htm

      2003
      Reviews how biosolids can be applied to land and crops for benefits. Some
      facts are given about the amount applied each year, roughly half of the
      sewage sludge in the U.S. is land applied. Some alternative applications
      include parks, golf courses, cemeteries, plant nurseries, and highway media
      strips.
      • Reclamation and Recycling

      http://www.gesui.metro.tokyo.jp/english/rr41.htm

      March 2004
      This article was written by the bureau of sewerage in Tokyo. The article gives
      a little different view on how other countries recycle their waste. Graphs and
      charts show what they are doping with waste. Some pictures are given of
      waste that has been dried and is in the final stage of the recycling process.
      • Sewage Sludge Ash

      http://www.rmrc.unh.edu/Partners/UserGuide/ss1.htm

      Page 35
      This product created when sewage sludge is incinerated has a couple
      different uses. This website shows the process how it is made, and gives uses
      for the final product. One of the uses they mention is concrete.
      • Sewage Sludge Ash

      http://www.rmrc.unh.edu/Partners/UserGuide/ss2.htm

      This article is a second part to the above article. It shows results for
      performance testing and material processing requirements. Other subjects
      included in this article are engineering properties, design considerations, and
      construction procedures.
      • Resolving Application Issues When Using Sewage Sludge Ash as
      concrete component

      http://www.dundee.ac.uk/civileng/research/concrete/pii/sludge.htm

      2004
      This article was written about the possible uses for sludge ash and how it
      may be able to be used for concrete products.
      Coal Ash
      • Workshop and “Construction “Demonstration for Use of Fly Ash and
      Other Coal Combustion By-Products

      http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CBU/sept_seminr.html

      Agenda describing use of coal ash in mixed concrete, precast concrete,
      flowable slurry for backfilling excavations, highway construction, etc.
      • Coal Ash: Its Origin, Disposal, Use, and Potential Health Issues
      EPRI
      Beneficial uses of coal ash in the US include autoclaved aerated concrete
      block, hazardous waste or liquid fixation, blasting grit, highway ice control,
      cement additive, masonry blocks, concrete admixture, material in lightweight
      alloys, concrete aggregate, roadway/runway construction, flowable fill
      material, roofing granules, grouting, and structural fill.
      • Combustion Products Recycling Consortium
      Engineering and Environmental Specifications of State Agencies for Utilization
      and Disposal of Coal Combustion Products
      Page 36
      Results show that all states have specifications pertaining to CCPs and their
      application. The single most noted application is the partial replacement of
      cement in concrete.
      • Vermont: Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Ash
      MSW ash is used as landfill cover, road base material, and in cinder blocks.
      Bottom ash may be used as a partial substitute for aggregate in the
      manufacture of binder course pavement.
      • Other Beneficial Uses of Coal Ash

      http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter287/s287.665.html

      1997
      This article put out by The Pennsylvania Code is about beneficial uses for coal
      ash other than land filling and soil substitution. The list contains uses that do
      not require a permit in the state.
      • What is Coal Ash?

      http://www.aep.com/about/coalCombustion/coalash.htm

      2006
      This website does a good job at explaining what coal ash is exactly and gives
      some alternative uses other than land filling. It explains why the use of coal
      ash in some products is a beneficial use.
      • Beneficial Use of Coal Combustion By-Products Steel Manufacturing
      By-Products and Other Similar Material

      http://www.deq.state.ne.us/Publica.nsf/0/9a4d7e0a9f581d9b8625686d006a

      3765?OpenDocument
      June 2004
      The Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality gives suggestions for use
      of by-products from each of these items. For coal ash some suggestions
      were; use in construction, hazardous waste stabilization, aggregate for
      roads, structural fill, soil amendment, and feedlot applications.
      • “Clean Coal” Technologies

      http://www.uic.com.au/nip83.htm

      May 2006
      This review explains how coal is one of the most important parts of our economy
      and how we rely on it heavily for steel production and electricity. The review lists
      uses for coal and explains other things such as how CO2 is captured and separated
      when coal is burned, along with the economics for these processes.
      Page 37
      • Coal Ash

      http://www.wisconsinpublicservice.com/news/ash.asp

      2006
      Wisconsin public service wrote this article to help the public understand what
      coal ash was. It goes over fly ash and bottom ash and explains each. Other
      things included are amount of ash produced by Wisconsin yearly, beneficial
      uses for ash and what are the regulations regarding coal ash.
      Page 38
      • Coal Ash for Coloring

      http://www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/news_e/pr0007/m0007_05.htm

      July 2002
      The Takenaka Corporation has developed a way that they can use coal ash
      for aggregate in asphalt. They explain how it is done and how they can even
      color the ash to meet certain demands.
      • Coal Ash Products

      http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p014731.

      hcsp
      This site lists uses for coal ash. It is put out by Alliant Energy a company that
      creates coal ash and need to find creative uses for it otherwise they need to
      pay for land filling the ash.
      • Coal Ash Reclamation

      http://www.alliantenergy.com/docs/groups/public/documents/pub/p013559.

      hcsp
      This article also put out by Alliant Energy and it explains what coal ash is,
      how coal products are used, and how coal ash is recycled. Some things that
      coal ash was used to create include; The Mall of America, Jacobs Field,
      University of Wisconsin Kohl Center, and The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
      building.
      • Coal Bottom Ash/ Boiler Slag

      http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/cbabs1.htm

      This is a very interesting article and has a lot of information about products
      created from burning coal. It goes over things such as recycling, disposal,
      market sources, highway uses, and material properties.
      • Demonstration Shows Coal Ash Significantly Improves Feedlots

      http://www.undeerc.org/carrc/html/Feedlot.html

      This site created by the University of North Dakota shows the steps of putting
      coal ash in feedlots and explains how they benefit from this process. There
      are links on this site that have good information on other uses for coal ash.
      • Frequently Asked Questions

      http://www.acaa-usa.org/FAQ.htm

      Page 39
      This website created by the American Coal Ash Association lists questions
      that are frequently asked about coal ash. There are many good questions
      and answers that contain good information on this site.
      • Coal Combustion Products Partnership

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/c2p2/pubs/facts508.pdf

      This article written by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
      goes over what exactly coal combustible products are and what are some
      uses for these products.
      • Using Coal Ash in Highway Construction: A Guide to Benefits and
      impacts

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/c2p2/pubs/greenbk508.pdf

      April 2005
      This booklet written by the United State Environmental Protection Agency
      and the Federal Highway Administration is fairly lengthy, but has some good
      information about the use of coal ash in construction of streets and
      highways. It shows other landmarks that have been constructed with the use
      of coal ash such as a tunnel spillway in the Hoover Dam in 1942, and the
      entire construction of the Hungary Horse Dam near Glacier National Park in
      Montana. Many uses in the construction business are also listed.
      • American Coal Ash Association Programs to Advance the
      Management and Use of Coal Combustion Products

      http://www.flyash.info/1999/institut/stew2.pdf

      1999
      This article talks about the American Coal Ash Society and how they have
      created plans that communicate, educate, and regulate the use of coal ash.
      • Production of Recycled Products From Coal Ash Using Plasma
      Enhanced Melter

      http://www.flyash.info/2001/newprod1/101quapp.pdf

      2001
      Integrated Environmental Technologies has created a method of melting coal
      ash using extremely high temperatures from the plasma enhanced melter
      and creating glass from this liquefied product. A figure and chart are
      provided on the site to help understand the process. Other products they
      make include E-Grit Blasting Material, and Brick Block and Roofing Tile.
      Page 40
      • Effective Reuse of Coal Ash as Civil Engineering Material

      http://www.flyash.info/2005/66sat.pdf

      An increase in coal ash in Japan has forced Japanese engineers to find new
      ways for disposing of coal ash. The use in concrete is common, but concrete
      demands are slowing while ash concentrations are growing.
      • Land Use of Coal Fly Ash- Benefits and Barriers

      http://www.iea-

      coal.org.uk/publishor/system/component_view.asp?PhyDocId=5627&LogDoc
      Id=81241
      May 2005
      This report basically focuses on three types of uses for coal ash soils
      stabilization, mine backfilling, and agriculture. It also has information on a
      study in India about ash applied to crops and shows results for each
      application.
      • Coal Combustion Products-Production and Uses

      http://www.mcrcc.osmre.gov/PDF/Forums/CCB3/1-1.pdf

      This report talks about the history of coal ash and when ash started to be
      considered a problem. It goes over uses for the ash and some products that
      are made from ash.
      • Coal Combustion Products Challenges and Opportunities

      http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/pubs/Carl_ACAA2003fi

      nal1.pdf
      January 2003
      This is a PowerPoint presentation that reviews things related to the
      production and reuse of coal ash. Some interesting reuses include use in
      drywall, Portland cement, bowling balls, wall paints carpeting, synthetic tiles,
      AMD control, and soil amendments. This power point is very informational
      and goes over many more things about coal ash.
      • Buy Recycled-A Recycled Product with Many Advantages

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/03/02935.pdf

      This article goes over topics such as economics, case studies, precautions for
      use of coal ash, and products that can be created using the ash.
      • 2003 Performance Report Recovered and Recycled Materials
      Page 41

      http://www.wec-performancereport.com/pdf/env/env_recovered.pdf

      2003
      This report was done by Wisconsin Energy and has a small part on coal ash
      uses. One use that I have not seen anywhere else was mixing the ash with
      new coal and re burning it.
      • World of Coal Ash

      http://www.worldofcoalash.org/

      This website is about an association that has conferences regarding the use
      of coal ash some information is given on the site along with links to other
      resources.
      Lime Sludge
      • Reuse of Water Softening Lime Sludge

      http://www.ia-

      awwa.org/committees/Residuals/Lime%20Sludge%20Report%20Fall%20200
      3.pdf
      This is a power point presentation produced from Iowa State University that
      reviews the use of lime sludge. It goes over the process of sludge production
      through the final stages in the sludge drying process. It is very informational
      and has pictures of the entire process.
      • Utilization of Lime Sludge Waste From Paper mills for Fish Culture

      http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr252006/1126.pdf

      April 2006
      The use of lime sludge in fishponds and lake can lower the pH, which is
      helping fish populations. This is a cheap alternative use for the sludge and
      both parties involved get benefits. The sludge gets taken care of and the
      water pH is lowered.
      • Reuse of Lime Sludge from Water Softening in Road Construction and
      Other Applications

      http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/Research/detail.cfm?projectID=-821675836

      September 2002
      This study done by Iowa State University was written to describe the process
      in which lime sludge is dried and used in many different areas which include;
      cement production, dust control for unpaved roads, and construction fill.
      Sandblast Grit
      Page 42
      • Disposal and Reuse Options for Used Sandblasting Grit
      Timothy G. Townsend, University of Florida, July 1997.
      Recycling options for sandblast grit include feedstock for Portland cement,
      aggregate in the production of Portland cement concrete, asphalt concrete
      for roadways, clean fill, drainage material in landfills or septic tanks.
      Disposal and Reuse Options for Used Sandblasting Grit
      • Recycling Construction and Demolition Wastes

      http://www.architects.org/emplibrary/CD_Recycling_Guide.pdf

      April 2005
      Reviews recycling of many types of construction wastes. Gives uses for
      recycled sandblast grit and explains why it tends to be a problem.
      • Catch Basin and Sandblast Grit

      http://www.cpcrs.com/info.php?sx=NTM3MC43MDg=&page=MTQ2MTcuMTA

      5
      2006
      The commercial paving and recycling company gives some uses for sandblast
      grit, which include; erosion control, road salt substitute, and fill material.
      • Recycling spent Sandblasting Grit and Similar Wastes as aggregate in
      Asphaltic Concrete

      http://enviro.nfesc.navy.mil/erb/erb_a/restoration/technologies/remed/phys

      _chem/tds-2065.pdf
      1998
      The Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center did a study on spent grit and
      decided the best way to recycle the product was to create concrete out of the
      used grit.
      • Recycled Sandblast Grit

      http://www.cpeo.org/techtree/ttdescript/recysan.htm

      June 2002
      This article goes over how sandblast grit is created and how some depending
      on how it was used may be hazardous waste and needs to be treated
      differently. While other grit may be used as fill or mixed with concrete.
      • Wasteline

      http://www.opala.org/wasteline/08_00.html

      Page 43
      August 2000
      Written to deal with the problems of waste on the island Hawaii this article
      gives uses for sandblast grit and links to the companies that create products
      from the grit.
      Glass
      • Uses for Recycled Glass

      http://www.glassagg.com/recycled_glass.html

      2005
      This website gives many products that can be made from recycled glass. It
      also has links to explain how the products are made and what the process is
      for each product.
      • The Environmental Protection Agencies Website

      http://www.epa.gov/garbage/glass.htm

      The EPA’s website gives facts on recycling, processing, collection, and
      markets for recycled glass. Included on the page are some case studies that
      were done on recycled glass
      • Waste and Resource Action Program

      http://www.wrap.org.uk/materials/glass/uses_of_glass/index.html

      This website is designed by the Waste and Resource Action Program in the
      UK. IT has many good ideas that involve recycled glass. Some reuses that
      people may not think would even be possible such as sports turf, or water
      filtration.
      • What Happens to Recycled Glass?

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/14/13126.pdf

      June 1996
      This article put out by the Washington State Department of Ecology describes
      how the recycling process works and how color sorting is important when
      separating glass. Uses for recycled glass are discussed.
      • Glass Recycling Information Sheet

      http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/Glass.htm

      February 2006
      Page 44
      This website explains why we should recycle glass and lists some uses for
      recycled glass. Graphs compare glass recycling to other household waste
      recycling and also compare glass production to glass recycling. The website is
      based on information from the U.K. so numbers may be different in the
      United States.
      • Recycling in Ohio: Glass Recycling

      http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/recycling/awareness/facts/glass.htm

      August 2005
      This website was made by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources and
      explains why we should recycle glass, what types of glass we can recycle,
      and how we should go about recycling it. Conservation benefits of glass
      recycling are listed in the article and are very interesting.
      • Enviroglass Products Inc.

      http://www.enviroglasproducts.com/EnvWhitePaper.pdf

      This site is promoting the use of enviroglass products. I found the site useful
      because it has a lot of good information on the amounts of glass recycled in
      the U.S. it also has links that are useful and have good information on how
      using recycled glass in new glass products reduces the environmental effects
      dramatically.
      • Inside Glass Recycling

      http://www.gpi.org/recycling/enews/2006/March/news2.html

      2006
      This article is the first issue of an electronic publication strictly on glass
      recycling and the many different uses for recycled glass. It gives many
      different uses for recycled glass along with many different programs that are
      being introduced to step up the recycling of glass.
      • Glass Recycling and Reuse

      http://p2library.nfesc.navy.mil/P2_Opportunity_Handbook/7_I_A_4.html

      October 2003
      This article written by the government gives an overview of glass recycling
      and alternative uses for glass other than landfilling. It covers the advantages
      to glass recycling and the disadvantages that occur. Economics are
      mentioned also.
      • Recycled Glass Provides Gritty Performance
      Page 45

      http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/wra/wra100.html

      December 2005
      This news release by WRAP reviews a plan from the U.S. Army to change
      from copper slag grit material for grit blasting to crushed recycled glass. It
      goes over the benefits and uses for recycled glass grit.
      • New York State Environmental Investment Program Capitol Project
      Summary

      http://www.empire.state.ny.us/pdf/polution_prevention_recycle/GlassProject

      Summaries.pdf
      December 2003
      This summary goes over a project that involves using recycled glass in home
      and office products such as countertops, tables, walls, and vanities. The
      product in the project is called ice stone and is made up of more than 80%
      recycled glass.
      • Glass Recycling in Montana

      http://www.montpirg.org/reports/GLASS.pdf

      May 2004
      Report done by the Montana Public Interest Research Group that involves the
      history of glass recycling, crushing of glass, the use of crushed glass, and
      some glass recycling recommendations.
      • Survey of Municipal Glass Recycling Programs Results and Findings

      http://www.nrc-

      recycle.org/partnerships/glass/Final%20Survey%20Report.pdf
      2004
      This survey was done in 11 cities across the United States. It explains how
      each city recycles their glass and what they do with recycled glass.
      Shingles
      • Asphalt Roofing Shingles in Aggregate Base

      http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/ConDemo/Shingles/AggregBase.htm

      This article written by the state of California regarding construction and
      demolition waste is focused on using asphalt roofing shingles in aggregate
      base. The article explains the benefits, processing, specifications, and test
      results for this product.
      Page 46
      • Asphalt Roofing Shingles in Asphalt Pavement

      http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/ConDemo/Shingles/Pavement.htm

      This article written by the state of California regarding construction and
      demolition waste is focused on using asphalt roofing shingles in asphalt
      pavement. The article explains some pavement terminology along with the
      benefits of using shingles in asphalt along with the economic, environmental,
      and practical benefits of this product. Specifications for asphalt are different
      in each state and listed in the article.
      • Asphalt Roofing Shingles Recycling: Overview

      http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/ConDemo/Shingles/default.htm

      This article written by the state of California regarding construction and
      demolition waste is focused on the recycling of asphalt shingles. It goes over
      many different uses for the recycled shingles and covers a little history on
      the amount produced each year and where the shingles end up if not
      recycled. The article includes some example uses, which are asphalt
      pavement, aggregate base and subase, cold patch, road and ground cover,
      and fuel oil.
      • Bituminous Roadways

      http://www.bitroads.com/about.html

      Bituminous Roadways is a Minnesota company who uses recycled shingles in
      some of their asphalt projects. The company is one of only a couple MN
      companies that are involved in the shingle recycling process.
      • Roofing Shingles in Roads

      http://www.moea.state.mn.us/lc/purchasing/shingles.cfm

      The Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance offers this website with
      many links regarding the use of roofing shingles in roadways. Some of the
      information included is project overviews from previous roads that roofing
      shingles were used in, Minnesota research regarding the use of roofing
      shingles in roadways, the economic benefits of using recycled shingles in
      roadways, and vendors who have equipment that is involved in the process
      of making asphalt out of recycled roofing shingles.
      • Waste Materials in Hot Mix Asphalt an Overview

      http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6400/6407/rep92-6.pdf

      December 1992
      Page 47
      This report goes over many things that can be used in hot mix asphalts. It is
      not concentrated on shingles, but does give a lot of information on the
      process, environmental factors, benefits, and possible problems. Good source
      to explain how wastes can be used to produce goods.
      • Waste Tire and Shingle Scrap/Bituminous Paving Test Sections

      http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11600/11613/91-06.pdf

      February 1991
      This study was done by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Minnesota
      Department of Natural Resources, and the Minnesota Department of
      Transportation. It reviews sections of the Willard Munger Recreational Trail
      Gateway Segment. This section of the trail was paved with a mixture of
      rubber and shingles. Different percentages of rubber and shingles were
      added to different sections of the trail so tests could be done to try and
      determine the best mixture for strength and durability. The study goes over
      some performance tests, lab results and costs.
      • Recycled Asphalt Shingles in Road Applications

      http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/wastediv/recycling/shingles.pdf

      September 1999
      Things explained in this review include the definition of tear off shingles and
      manufacture scrap shingles. Amounts created per year of these products in
      the United State are very high and what is not recycled or reused is going to
      landfills, which are filling at a rapid rate. The review goes over both hot and
      cold mix asphalt.
      • From roofs to roads… Recycling Asphalt roofing shingles into paving
      materials

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/debris-new/pubs/roof_br.pdf

      1998
      This brochure was created by the Environmental Protection Agency to inform
      people on things like roofing waste, recycling process that is involved, end
      use options, benefits of recycling shingles, and the possible challenges
      created from recycling shingles.
      • OSWER Innovations Pilot Tear off Asphalt Shingle Recycling

      http://www.epa.gov/oswer/iwg/pilots/docs/2005_0520_asphalt_formatted_fi

      nal.pdf
      May 2005
      Page 48
      This pilot gives some background information on tear off shingles and some
      recycling options. A list of contacts is available for additional information.
      • Performance of Asphalt Shingles fro Road Applications Final Report

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/23/22746.pdf

      September 2002
      The report includes amount of waste shingles created in the state of
      Vermont, an evaluation of asphalt shingles in aggregate, cold patch asphalt
      pavement, and asphalt shingles in bituminous roadways. Shingle collection
      information is given along with photos of the actual photos of the project.
      • Compliance Calendar for Minnesota Hot Mix Asphalt Plants

      http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/sbap-calendar-hma.pdf

      2006
      This calendar put out by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency informs the
      reader of all compliance procedures for the year 2006. It includes compliance
      rules for air quality, storm water, road dust, and plant odors.
      • Roofing Shingle Scrap

      http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/rss1.htm

      This article explains the difference between the two types of recyclable
      shingles; tear offs and scraps or tabs. The article goes over some
      management options for both including recycling, and disposal.
      • ShingleRecycling.Org

      http://www.shinglerecycling.org/

      This website has many different links involving the recycling of shingles. It
      includes the target market for recycled shingles, environmental and permit
      issuing, state experiences, and some literature.
      • Minnesota’s Experience in Using Shingle Scrap in Bituminous
      Pavements

      http://mnroad.dot.state.mn.us/research/MnROAD_Project/MnRoadOnlineRep

      orts/96-34.pdf
      October 1996
      This report was done by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The
      report has results from University of Minnesota tests done on roadway
      material composed of shingle scraps. It talks briefly about the Willard Munger
      Page 49
      trail that was created using both rubber and recycled shingles. The trail
      seems to be holding up just as well as conventional methods. The report
      goes over some results from a section of bituminous road in Mayer, MN.
      • Waste Management Update #2: Asphalt Roofing Shingles

      http://www.smartgrowth.org/library/waste_mgmt_update_2.html

      January 2000
      This article gives many alternative uses for asphalt roofing shingles. It talks
      about uses other than road pavement. The article describes how roofing
      wastes are easy to recycle because for the most part they are kept separate
      from all other wastes and there is not much to sort through when trying to
      recycle them.
      • The Road to Shingle Recycling

      http://www.cdrecycler.com/articles/article.asp?ID=4460&AdKeyword=tear+o

      ff+shingle+uses
      October 2002
      An article written by the construction and demolition recycling news group
      explains both the environmental and economical benefits of recycling
      shingles.
      • Evaluation of use of Manufactured Waste Asphalt Shingles in Hot Mix
      Asphalt

      http://www.chelseacenter.org/pdfs/TechReport26.pdf

      Technical Report #26, July 2000
      This report done by the University of Massachusetts goes over results from
      testing they did on asphalt containing asphalt shingles.
      • Let Me Shingle Your Roadway

      http://www.iowadnr.com/waste/recycling/files/shingle.pdf

      August 1997
      This report was done for the Iowa Department of Transportation explaining
      how recycled shingles can be used to aid in controlling dust on gravel roads.
      It explains how the process works from start to finish.
      Vinyl Siding
      • Vinyl Recycling

      http://www.aboutbluevinyl.org/recycling.asp

      Page 50
      Vinyl is one of the largest volume plastics used in the United States and
      roughly 15 billion pounds are produced annually. Vinyl recycling has been a
      growing business in the past couple of years creating things such as garden
      hoses, drainpipe, and sound deadening panels for automobiles.
      • Virginia Business Finds Niche in Recycling Vinyl Siding

      http://www.americanrecycler.com/1virginia.html

      Reily Recovery Systems was created to recycle vinyl siding. Reily Recovery
      accepts vinyl scrap from both contractors and companies and grinds the
      scrap to pieces no larger than 3/8 of an inch. This product is then sold to
      companies that make PVC pipe, mobile home skirting, and other vinyl
      products.
      • Environmental Considerations Vinyl Recycling Database

      http://www.vinylbydesign.com/site/page.asp?TRACKID=&VID=1&CID=113&

      DID=123
      Vinyl By Design created this website that has links to many sites that contain
      information about vinyl siding and recycling of vinyl siding. Things such as
      recycling, energy efficiency, indoor/outdoor air quality, and resource
      conservation are talked about.
      • Frymanns Recycling

      http://www.frymansrecycling.com/

      2005
      Frymanns homepage has information about their company and what they
      recycle other than vinyl siding. Benefits of recycling vinyl siding are listed.
      • Vinyl Siding Comes of Age

      http://www.greenbuildingsolutions.org/s_greenbuilding/doc.asp?TRACKID=&

      CID=536&DID=1738
      May 2005
      Vinyl siding is becoming on of the most popular types of siding across the
      nation. Greenbuilding Solutions has created a webpage listing the benefits of
      vinyl siding along with the recycling practices involved with vinyl. Products
      listed that can be created from vinyl include; packaging, siding, outdoor
      parking stops, industrial flooring, and office materials such as folders and
      binders.
      • The Facts About Recycling Vinyl
      Page 51

      http://www.aamanet.org/upload/VMC-Recycling_fact_sheet.pdf

      March 2001
      The Vinyl Institute gives information on the recycling process regarding vinyl.
      The post industrial and post consumer recycling information is shown.
      • Modern Materials

      http://www.kenilworth.com/publications/mod_materials/archive_pdfs/mm_0

      5_05.pdf
      May 2005
      Modern Materials is a publication that puts out a magazine that reviews some
      of the most up to date construction materials. Recycling options for vinyl
      siding are increasing everyday and more things are being created from
      recycled vinyl products.
      • Vinyl Siding Recycling A How To Guide

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/04/03185.pdf

      1997
      This guide is very informational and has ideas for many things involving
      vinyl. The guide goes over things such as establishing a recycling program to
      create something from the recycled material. There are also case studies
      included in the guide about vinyl recycling.
      • Construction/Demolition Waste Recycling and Disposal

      http://www.se.gov.sk.ca/environment/protection/land/Construction%20and

      %20Demolition%20PDF.pdf
      2003
      Article reviewing construction and demolition waste in Saskatchewan Canada.
      Wastes are listed and possible reuses and recycling options are given.
      • Waste Reduction and Recycling Demonstration Grant Innovative
      Vinyl Siding Scrap Recycling Bielinski Homes

      http://www.wastecapwi.org/documents/bielinskifinalreportvinyl.pdf

      March 2005
      This report describes how a study done on recycling vinyl siding through
      housing developments may be possible. Results from this study show it may
      take long amounts of time to collect a full 30 yard dumpster of vinyl, but the
      end results are worth the wait.
      Page 52
      • The truth About Vinyl Siding- The Plastic Man Is Worse Than the Tin
      Man

      http://fourseasonsroofingandsiding.com/the.truth.about.vinyl.siding.htm

      Four Seasons Industries has listed many reasons why vinyl siding is actually
      worse for the environment than the old tin siding. They make many good
      points, but seem to be very one-sided. Pictures are given of bad vinyl siding
      projects, which may change someone’s mind on buying vinyl.
      • Vinyl Stewardship Breakthrough,

      http://c3.org/news_center/ccc_periodicals/vinyl_stew_breakthrough.html

      1999
      Habitat for Humanity and Owens Corning Vinyl Operations partnered up to
      use recycled vinyl siding, water pipe, decking, and soffit to create homes for
      Habitat for Humanity.
      • Commercial Recycling

      http://www.plasticsresource.com/s_plasticsresource/doc.asp?TRACKID=&DI

      D=491&CID=177
      June 1999
      Plastic Resource.com writes about certain plastic materials that are currently
      being recycled. Things on the list include plastic film such as shrink-wrap,
      and vinyl siding, and transport packaging such as plastic pallets.
      • Vinyl Siding Recycling: A How To Guide

      http://www.plasticsresource.com/s_plasticsresource/doc.asp?TRACKID=&CI

      D=174&DID=397
      2006
      American Plastics Council Has developed a plan on how to recycle vinyl
      siding. The council gives reasons why to recycle vinyl siding and the entire
      process on how to start a recycling program focused on vinyl siding.
      • The Vinyl Institute Recycling vinyl

      http://www.vinylinfo.org/environment/recycling.html

      A study done by Principia Partners shows that all types of vinyl products can
      be recycled and reprocessed into some type of second-generation products.
      Some links to other vinyl stories are given.
      • Vinyl Siding and Accessories
      Page 53

      http://www.azom.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1030#_Environmental_Consider

      ations
      2006
      Vinyl siding can be hard to install, but with the help from this site it can be
      made easier. The reason that I chose to add this site to the list is because at
      the end of the article there is a section that deals with environmental
      concerns.
      • Vinyl Siding Recycling: A Guide How To

      http://www.apcnewsmedia.com/site/tertiary.asp?TRACKID=&VID=2&CID=3

      92&DID=1803&PSID=APC
      American Plastics Society put out this article about how to recycle vinyl
      siding. Similar to all the other recycling guides with methods how to start a
      good program, and end results of the program.
      Treated Wood
      • Limiting CCA Treated Wood Risks

      http://www.cdrecycler.com/news/news.asp?ID=1646

      September 2004
      Construction and Demolition Recycling magazine goes over the risks
      associated with CCA (chromated copper arsenate) treated wood used in
      construction. The use of CCA treated wood was banned in 2003, but still is
      present in buildings that were constructed prior to that date. CCA treated
      wood is capable of leaching into the soil surrounding the site and cause
      problems associated with cancer.
      • Green Building: Proper Use and Disposal of Treated Lumber

      http://dep.state.ct.us/wst/recycle/lumber.htm

      September 2001
      The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection created this website
      to inform the public on how to dispose of and use treated lumber. Links are
      given to inform people about what type of chemical are added to the lumber
      to keep it pest free.
      • Good Wood Gone Bad

      http://poisonwood.wasteage.com/ar/waste_good_wood_gone/index.htm

      August 2001
      Page 54
      The topic of CCA treated wood is discussed and examples of the different
      classes of CCA treated wood re given. There are 3 classes. A, B, and C. C is
      the most commonly used in the construction business. The negative effects
      associated with CCA treatment are talked about and cancer is the number
      one problem. CCA treated wood in all states except MN is treated like any
      other wood and chipped, recycled, or land filled. Minnesota however treats
      CCA treated wood like hazardous waste and all regulations that apply to
      hazardous waste apply to CCA treated wood.
      • Treated Wood Waste Workshop

      http://165.235.111.242/LawsRegsPolicies/Regs/upload/Treated-Wood-

      Waste-Workshop-Slides.pdf
      March 2006
      A slide show made from the Department of Toxic Substances Control goes
      over what treated wood exactly is and how it is created. Rules regarding
      TWW (treated wood waste) are talked about and hazardous waste
      regulations that TWW fall under are discussed.
      • Environmental Fact Sheet Managing Treated Wood

      http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/ead/sbcap/pdf/woodwaste_fs.pdf

      July 2003
      The Vermont Department of Environmental Protection created this fact sheet
      so people would know how to dispose of treated wood properly and know the
      possible reuses of treated wood.
      • A Complete Industrial Process to Recycle CCA Treated Wood

      http://www.ccaconference.org/pre/pdf/HERY.PDF

      A process called chartherm is used to recycle treated wood. The process
      includes wood crushing, thermal treatment, and separation. A good
      description and pictures are given.
      • Managing Industrial Wood Waste: Building Blocks to Proper Disposal

      http://www.ccaconference.org/pre/pdf/Zimms.pdf

      Disposal methods for treated wood are discussed for the state of Florida.
      Wood management for non-treated wood is included in this article. One big
      part of the wood management plan discussed is wood pallets. Disposal and
      alternative methods such as plastic pallets are given.
      • Wood Waste: How to Keep Wood Waste Out of Landfills
      Page 55

      http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/publications/BizWaste/50094017.doc

      April 2002
      Some waste management plans are given for wood so it can stay out of our
      landfills. Some alternative uses include; high school wood shops, pallet
      company, recycling, or biomass to energy. Reduction is the best process that
      can be practiced and can save the buyer the most money and hassle.
      • Options for Recycling Treated Wood in Composites

      http://www.forestprod.org/Kamdem.pdf

      This PowerPoint created by a Michigan State University student to give
      people options for recycling treated wood. The information given is helpful
      and fairly easy to understand. Things covered include recycling, problems,
      and environmental issues.
      • Fact Sheet: Pressure Treated Wood Management

      http://www.hawaii.gov/health/environmental/waste/sw/pdf/trtdwood.pdf

      July 2000
      Pressure treated wood is defined and the process how it is pressure treated is
      given. Some problems that arise from pressure treated wood include cancer,
      soil contamination, and toxic ash.
      • Lifewood FAQ’s

      http://www.osmose.com.au/brochures/LifewoodFAQ.pdf

      June 2002
      This article written by the Osmose Lifewood Company who makes CCA sealed
      wood. This article is definitely one sided and says nothing but good things
      about CCA treated wood.
      • The Recycling Potential of Preservative Treated Wood

      http://www.rmmn.org/documnts/pdf1996/felto96a.pdf

      1996
      This study shows the trend in use of CCA treated wood. Graphs show
      amounts of CCA, Creosote, and Penta treated wood being used from 1960 to
      the mid 1990s. Some topics discussed are regulations for treated wood,
      environmental concerns, and the process the wood must go through before it
      can be biodegraded.
      • LSU AgCenter Could Keep Treated Wood Out of Landfills
      Page 56

      http://www.lsuagcenter.com/en/environment/conservation/waste_managem

      ent/LSU+AgCenter+Recycling+Could+Keep+Treated+Wood+Out+Of+Landfil
      ls.htm
      2005. A professor from LSU has listed many different ways of recycling
      treated wood. The methods listed are both environmentally friendly and
      economical.
      • National Coalition Against the Misuse of Pesticides

      http://www.ncamp.org/poisonpoles/recycle.html

      The lifespan of a treated pole is generally 30-50 years, but recently so many
      changes in landscape are taking place that the life of the poles is dropping
      dramatically. Treated poles are being discarded in many ways that may harm
      the environment in future years. Other alternative reuses are given.
      • Pressure Treated Wood Should I or Shouldn’t I Use It

      http://www.ecologycenter.org/fact_sheets/pressure-treated_wood.html

      November 2000
      Facts about the use of pressure treated wood are listed along with the
      alternative uses and other products available in place of treated wood.
      • Process for the Recycling of Treated Wood and the Installation for
      the Application of the Process

      http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6035791-fulltext.html

      March 2000
      A method of recycling treated wood by grinding it and adding to a device that
      removes chemicals by washing them with steam.
      • Treated Lumber: A Consumer Arsenic Alert

      http://www.uwex.edu/news/2001/8/treated-lumber-a-consumer-arsenic-

      alert
      August 2001
      The University of Wisconsin Extension describes how arsenic treated wood
      that is put in the ground can leach and contaminate the surrounding soils.
      CCA treated lumber is known to be a carcinogen along with any by products
      such as dust, and scraps.
      Packaging Materials (plastic wrap, wood pallets, foam)

      http://www.berryindustrial.com/serve.php?id=1011&title=Pallet%20Disposal#

      Page 57
      • Pallet Disposal, 2002
      Berry Industrial Group Inc. is a company that will recycle pallets for a
      reasonable cost. Many of the recycled pallets will be ground into mulch for
      landscaping uses. Berry Industrial also creates recycled pallets that can be
      used for packaging.
      • The Pallet Wood Shed

      http://summerville-novascotia.com/PalletWoodShed/

      2006
      Many people throw away wood pallets when they are done using them. This
      website shows how anyone can get used pallets and create a shed for nearly
      no cost. Step by step directions are given on how to set up the shed and
      pictures are shown of each step.
      • Recycling Styrofoam Peanuts

      http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/living/recycle/env-styrofoam-peanuts.htm

      2005
      Packaging peanuts can be recycled and made into products such as coffee
      cups, salad bowls, and trays. Many people think that once used the peanuts
      are useless and throw them away. However they are actually recyclable and
      can be made into useful products.
      Page 58
      • Pallets, Pallets, Everywhere

      http://www.conigliaro.com/recycling/pallets.cfm

      2006
      Many companies have problems with used pallets. There are approximately
      1.5 billion pallets in the U.S., which means there are six pallets for every one
      person. Many companies will take used pallets for small costs and either
      remake the pallet or grind it for mulch.
      • Wood Pallet Recycler Socked With High Electric Costs

      http://www.cdrecycler.com/news/news.asp?ID=1799

      January 2005
      A Nebraska company was forced to stop the grinding of pallets due to a more
      than double increase in their electricity bill. Due to the increase it is cheaper
      to landfill the wood pallets than grind them forcing the pallets to go to the
      nearest landfill.
      • Diamant Films Environmentally Friendly Solutions to be Introduced
      to the Caribbean Marketplace

      http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/060314/0113121.html

      March 2006
      M2 Formulex Inc. is going to be introducing a biodegradable plastic film to
      Jamaica and trying to promote more environmentally friendly products to the
      island. The large food packaging and packing business creates large amounts
      of waste and with the new product waste could be significantly reduced.
      • Plastic Recycling at the Drop Off Center

      http://www.cambridgema.gov/TheWorks/departments/recycle/plastics.html

      2003
      This website gives a good idea of what types of foam and plastic are
      recyclable. Pictures are given of each type of material and some helpful links
      are also listed.
      • Recycling Plastic

      http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/plastic

      s.html
      This website is informational and aimed towards informing kids on how
      plastic is recycled and the process of plastic recycling.
      Page 59
      • Environmental Information Exchange

      http://www.brookes.ac.uk/eie/recpals.htm

      2002
      Nearly 15% of the lumber used in the UK is used in the creation of pallets
      and many of these pallets are ending up in landfills. Recycling options are
      talked about and some companies that use recycled pallets are listed.
      • Recycle for a Better Environment

      http://www.gwp-inc.com/recycle.html

      Goemans Wood Products looks at different options to cut back on the cost of
      packaging materials and uses less wood to create pallets. The three things
      this website focuses on include reusing, recycling, and repairing pallets that
      are already made.
      • Stretch Wrap Alternatives, Reduction and Recovery

      http://www.adeq.state.ar.us/ftproot/Pub/poa/brochures/06_Solid%20Waste/

      Stretch%20Wrap%20Alternatives%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
      The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality has a plan that can
      reduce the amount of stretch wrap company’s use. Steps to reduce the use
      are given and some alternative uses are listed. Employee training is
      explained and is thought to be very important to the process.
      • Tech Talk

      http://www.cpia.ca/files/files/files_techtalk4Q98.pdf

      1998
      A website that offers a guide to inform companies on the use of stretch wrap.
      This guide is designed to show companies how to reduce the amount of
      stretch wrap used in the production process, and some challenges involved in
      the process.
      • Lycoming County Stretch Wrap Plastic Recycling Report

      http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/DEPUTATE/AIRWASTE/WM/Recycle/Tech_Rp

      ts/Lycoming.pdf
      February 2000
      A grant was given to the Lycoming County Resource Management Services
      Department to determine the potential to recycle stretch wrap that is used in
      industry to secure products during transportation. The report gives results
      and alternative uses for used stretch wrap.
      Page 60
      • Recycling Post Consumer Stretch Wrap Film

      http://www.ecorecycle.sustainability.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Recycli

      ng_Post_Consumer_Stretch_Wrap_Film_(Executive_Summary).pdf
      This review goes over things such as reduction, reuse, and recycling of
      stretch wrap. Recommendations are given at the end of the review.
      • 2004 EPS Recycling Rate Report

      http://www.epsmolders.org/PDF_FILES/2004%20Recycling%20Rate%20Rpt

      %20Web.pdf
      2004
      The alliance of foam packaging recyclers created this report to show how
      much expanded polyurethane packaging (EPS) is actually being recycled.
      Amounts in pounds that are sold per year are shown along with the amounts
      in pounds that were recycled. EPS recycling and alternative uses are included
      in the report along with guidelines on how to prepare EPS to be recycled.
      • Stretch Wrap Alternatives, Reduction, and Recovery

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/01/00741.pdf

      The North Carolina Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
      Department has created a plan to help in the reduction and the recycling of
      stretch wrap. Comparable to the other plans this plan discusses alternative
      materials used, reduction in stretch wrap use, and proper ways to recycle
      stretch wrap.
      • Wood: Wooden Pallets

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/02/0162238.pdf

      1998
      The North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources has
      created a report on wood pallets and the amount of resources they consume.
      Some things covered are generation, demand, and recovery of wood pallets.
      • Stretch Wrap Recycling: A How To Guide

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/13/12001.pdf

      1997
      The American Plastics Council developed this guide to inform people and
      companies how to recycle stretch wrap the correct way. This guide is very
      informational and gives step-by-step directions to create a recycling program
      for companies that create large amounts of used stretch wrap.
      Page 61
      • Changes and Trends in the Pallet Industry

      http://www.p2pays.org/ref/23/22701.pdf

      March 1998
      Trends in the recycling of pallets are talked about and numbers of pallets
      recycled each year are listed. Graphs show how many pallets are recycled
      compared to how many are produced.
      • Understanding Plastic Film

      http://www.plasticsresource.com/s_plasticsresource/docs/800/753.pdf

      December 1996
      A brief introduction about plastic film is given and what they are used for is
      included. A list of what resins are used in the creation of plastic film is in the
      article. Some waste management options are discussed as well as source
      reduction and recycling options.
      • Minnesota Company Committed to Quality in Pallet Recycling

      http://www.palletenterprise.com/articledatabase/view.asp?articleID=1012

      November 2003
      Richard Berry started a pallet building company in the late 1980’s and never
      thought it would become this popular. Berry Pallet now supplies 8-10,000
      pallets per week to customers. All the pallets created are not completely
      new, but are made of parts of old pallets that were still in good shape. Berry
      Pallets believes the use of old pallets that are in good condition is a way to
      save resources and also make money of someone else’s garbage.
      • J and B Pallet Recycling

      http://www.jbpallet.com/

      J and B pallet recycles pallets and manufactures pallets. Pallets manufactured
      are made of both new and recycled materials. J and B Pallets believe that the
      reuse of some parts of old pallets and the recycling of the rest better their
      company by saving on costs and helping the environment.
      • Making Your Garden Greener With Recycled Plastics

      http://garden.plastics.org/articles_tips/greener.html

      2005
      Many people are recycling plastic pop and milk bottles and not knowing
      where they go after the recycler picks them up. Things such as garden
      benches, flowerpots, and lawn edging are made from recycled plastics. Some
      Page 62
      suggestions that involve using plastic in gardening are given at the end of
      the article.
      • Marine Shrink Wrap Recycling Program

      http://www.wastecap.org/wastecap/Programs/shrinkwrap/shrinkwrap.htm

      Marine shrink-wrap used when boats are wintered for the dry season is
      becoming a big problem for marinas and storage facilities. Large quantities of
      this shrink-wrap are now being recycled and diverted from landfills, which
      has a large impact on areas that are near or along the coast.
      • Paper vs. Plastic Bags

      http://www.angelfire.com/wi/PaperVsPlastic/

      Everyone is asked, paper or plastic? At the grocery store. Well this article
      goes over where the materials to make both of these products come from,
      and what choice is more environmentally friendly.
      • Plastic Lumber and other Recycled Plastic Products

      http://www.metrokc.gov/procure/green/plastic.htm

      June 2005
      Recycled plastic lumber is a material made from recycled things such as pop
      bottles. Plastic lumber has many advantages over wood lumber because it
      repels insects and does not rot. Other advantages and uses are talked about
      in the article.
      • Packaging Plastic

      http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Packaging/Plastic/

      2005
      The California Integrated Waste Management Department made a site that
      gives links to plastic recyclers, plastic recycling plans, and foam collection
      companies.
      •
      Plastics Recycling Information Chart

      http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/Plastics.htm

      February 2006
      Waste Online created charts showing how plastic is used in the U.S. and what
      products are made of plastic. Plastic types are discussed and explained.
      • Polystyrene and the Environment

      http://www.polystyrene.org/environment/environment.html

      November 1998
      Page 63
      The U.S. EPA found that only 0.6%o of our waste is polystyrene plastic. The
      reason that this is so low is because of plans put in place by the EPA that
      regulate things such as land filling, waste to energy recovery, recycling,
      reuse, and source reduction.
      • Made From Recycled Plastic, 2006

      http://www.recyclenow.com/facts/materials_fact_files/plastics/made_from.ht

      ml
      Recycle now made this website to show people some products that can be
      made from recycled things like pop bottles, and milk jugs.
      • Recycling Farm Plastic Films

      http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/95-019.htm

      September 1996
      The Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs of Ontario has created
      many uses for plastic in agriculture. Plasticulture is one method discussed.
      Recycling of plastic is reviewed and different methods to store and dispose of
      plastic are given.
      • Recycling Plastic

      http://www.ohiodnr.com/recycling/plastics/containers.htm

      The Ohio DNR goes over some interesting facts about how much plastic we
      buy and how much recycling facilities get back in return. Including the most
      common types of plastic uses such as pop bottles, milk bottles, snack
      wrappers, and other containers we only recycle roughly 10%.
      Page 64
      CDI Research
      • Characterization of Building-related Construction and Demolition
      Debris in the United States
      EPA report, EPA530-R-98-010, June, 1998.

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/sqg/c&d-rpt.pdf

      Extensive national overview, including a few metro-area case studies. Lots
      of national data, and an extensive bibliography which might provide many
      additional sources of information and data.
      • Construction and Demolition Landfills
      EPA report, Feb., 1995

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/sqg/const/cdrpt.pdf

      Eleven years old, but excellent overview of C&D composition, hazardous
      components, and leachate issues.
      • Damage Cases: Construction and Demolition Waste Landfills
      EPA report, Jan., 1995.

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/sqg/damages/dam-pdf/damage.pdf

      Discussion of cases in which operation of C&D landfills has caused
      environmental damages.
      • List of Industrial Waste Landfills and Construction and Demolition
      Waste Landfills
      EPA report, EPA 530-R-95-019, Sept., 1994.

      http://www.epa.gov/garbage/landfill/sw_pubs.htm#reports

      State-by-state list and summaries of state programs.
      • Construction, Renovation and Demolition (CRD) Waste
      Characterization Study
      Report prepared for Alberta Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD)
      Waste Advisory Committee, Dec., 2000.

      http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/waste/aow/crd/publications/CRD_Report_All.pdf

      Very good, extensive report. Canadian context, but one might safely assume
      that the types of construction and wastes generation would be similar to
      those in the Minnesota context. Also an extensive bibliography.
      Page 65
      • Construction and Demolition Waste Management Practices, and Their
      Economic Impacts
      European Commission report, Feb., 1999

      http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/cdw/cdw_report.htm

      Comprehensive overview of the issue, albeit in a European context. Also
      includes an extensive discussion of the experiences of member states in
      attempting to implement numerous policy tools which can be used to
      promote re-use and recycling of C&D wastes.
      • Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Composting Option: Lessons from
      30 Communities
      EPA report, EPA530-R-92-015, Feb., 1994

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/recy-com/toc.pdf

      Contains a chapter on “Targeting Construction and Demolition Debris for
      Recovery.”
      • Building Savings: Strategies for Waste Reduction of Construction
      and Demolition Debris from Buildings
      EPA report, EPA-530-F-00-001, June, 2000.
      Overview of the reduction issue, including detailed case studies from around
      the country.
      • Background Document for Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emission
      Factors for Clay Brick Reuse and Concrete Recycling
      EPA report, EPA530-R-03-017, Nov., 2003
      Tremendous benefits of reusing bricks.
      • RCRA in Focus—Construction, Demolition, and Renovation
      EPA report, EPA-530-K-04-005, Sept., 2004
      General overview of C&D issue—what it is, regulatory issues, how to manage
      it, how to reduce it, contacts, etc.
      • Analyzing What’s Recyclable in C&D Debris
      Sandler, Ken. BioCycle, Nov., 2003, pp. 51-54
      Good brief overview of what’s in C&D. Written by EPA staffer, and based on
      an EPA report listed above.
      Page 66
      • Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris
      Website: http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/debris-new
      EPA website—provides very general overview, and links to some EPA reports.
      • Resources by Debris Type
      Website:

      http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/debris-new/bytype.htm

      EPA website—list of resources advising how to recycle all components of C&D
      debris.
      • What’s in a Building?
      EPA Region 9 (San Francisco) website:

      http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/solid/cd1.pdf

      PIO-type document geared toward building industry.
      • Onsite Source Reduction
      EPA Region 9 (San Francisco) website:

      http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/solid/cd2.pdf

      See above.
      • Setting Up a Jobsite Recycling Program
      EPA Region 9 (San Francisco) website:

      http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/solid/cd3.pdf

      See above.
      • Building Materials Reuse Calculator
      New York Wa$teMatch:

      http://www.wastematch.org/calculator/calculator.htm

      A downloadable calculator program which measures environmental and
      energy benefits of reusing case-specific types of building materials.
      • Construction and Demolition Debris
      Illinois EPA website:

      http://www.epa.state.il.us/small-business/construction-debris/

      Page 67
      Brief overview of C&D issues.
      • Information on Recycling Construction and Demolition Debris
      WasteCap of Massachusetts website:

      http://www.wastecap.org/wastecap/commodities/construction/construction.h

      tm
      WasteCap of Massachusetts seems to be similar to Minnesota WasteWise—
      helping businesses cut waste, cut costs, and improve performance.
      • Construction Waste Management
      ToolBase Services website: http://www.toolbase.org
      Technical information resource for the home building industry.
      • Residential Construction Waste: From Disposal to Management
      ToolBase Services website: http://www.toolbase.org
      Technical information resource for the home building industry.
      • Construction and Demolition Recycling
      • Chicago Sets Mandatory C&D Recycling Standard

      http://www.cdrecycler.com

      Builders required to recycle 25% from C&D activities beginning this year—to
      double next year.
      • C&D Debris State Resources

      http://www.cicacenter.org/solidregs.html

      Construction industry compliance assistance. Industry website focusing on
      national compliance assistance.
      • Demolition Contractors Manage and Dispose of Waste Responsibly
      National Demolition Association, Feb. 1995
      A legislative position paper produced by an industry trade group, based on
      work by a contractor. Basically, a defense of demolition landfills, arguing
      that inappropriate materials can be kept out successfully.
      • Demolition Industry Promotes C&D Recycling
      National Demolition Association, Jan., 2004
      Page 68
      A legislative position paper produced by an industry trade group.
      Argues that EPA should develop a national program for recycling of these
      materials.

21. QUESTION:
    How do I shim a cabinet base?
    I’m having granite countertops installed and need to level one of the cabinets by bringing one corner up 1/4 inch. Is a shim just a little slice of wood you buy at a hardware store? Do they come in different sizes and you just shove it under the base? Thanks for any info in advance!

    • ANSWER:
      it’s just a piece of wood that is tapered. typically called shim shingles and usually made of cedar or pine. you will need to place several shims around the cabinet base not just at the low corner. this helps distribute the weight of the new counter top.

22. QUESTION:
    How close can I plant a Oklahoma redbud to my backyard patio?
    The patio is 12′x12′ connected to the back of my house. I thought about maybe planting a red bud on each corner of the patio. I also thought maybe I should just plant them in the backyard farther out (the yard is a smaller size). But if I do plant them in the corners of the patio how close can I plant them to the patio? Thanks for any info.!!!!!!!

    • ANSWER:
      Some red buds can have a 25 foot spread when full gown. Unless you want it to hit your house and ruin your roofing some day, I would suggest 15 feet away (at least) from your house. Imagine how expensive it would be to have to cut down 30 years from now if it dies? One would be good. Two would be too much. My neighbor’s cherry is constantly rubbing against the shingles of my garage. It is a mess!

23. QUESTION:
    how to install putting green in backyard?
    for my husband’s birthday this year i would really like to put a putting green in our backyard. I am curious how much it costs and if its possible to be a do-it-yourself thing. if anyone has put one in or has any info – i would really appreciate it. thanks!

    • ANSWER:
      I built my first minature golf course when I was a senior in High School so I am confident on these suggestions:

      Build a squared-in area the size you want encircled with treated 2X4s on edge(staked and nailed down). Next Roundup(Glyposate) to kill all the grass. Then lay down two layers of tar paper(or even used shingles, if you are broke LOL).
      Next fill and level the area with sand–be sure to pack and put a crown so the rainwater will run off to some extent.
      Then use ASTROTURF to make the putting green. You may want to lay down some throw away used carpet below the astorturf to give it that good “green feeling”
      It is easy to build and quite fun!

      A little tip: Keep a sheet of polyethylene film anchored down over the site when it is finished to keep the rain off–just use bricks as anchors around the edges of the film.

24. QUESTION:
    What are the steps to opening one’s own Real estate brokerage?
    I’m a licensed California real estate broker. I know about the licensing, the MLS and the associations I must join to hang my own shingle. What are the steps that I don’t understand?

    • ANSWER:
      I was in the same boat as you. You first need to create a corporation. My research indicated that I needed to create an S-Corp for the type of business I was going to do. Also, don’t incorporate in Nevada or Delaware, instead, do it in California. Once your corporation is set up (including your TIN number), you need to get your corporation licensed by the DRE and move your license under the corporation as the officer. Then open a business account at your local bank. Then you decide if you want to do loans, sell real estate or both. Once you decided what you want to do, you then get E&O insurance. If you want to loans, you need to bring aboard lenders. If you want to buy and sell properties, you don’t need to do anything. This whole thing should cost you 3-4k in set-up cost. E-mail me if you need any info or if you’re in my area of southern california, we can work something out.

      Regards

25. QUESTION:
    What are the best methods to cure Labyrinthitis?
    I’m wondering if there are any particular methods or info I should know about Labryinthitis.
    For more info, here’s a wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthitis

    To summarize, it is a balance disorder.
    The illness causes loss of balance, dizziness, etc, as well as side effects of depression.
    my father appears to be suffering from it, but I’m not sure.
    He will see a doctor soon; is there any info we should know of beforehand that may help us?

    Thanks!

    • ANSWER:
      Hi Glenn

      Here are some ideas on how to heal the issue. Laby is basically the same as Vertigo. Be sure he drinks up to a gallon of water a day and gets better nutrition.

      Causes
      Vertigo is caused by disturbances within the equilibratory system – ears, inner ear canals, the cranial nerves servicing the ears, the associated brain parts, and the eyes. The system is disturbed due to mild stress on the cranial nerves, middle ear infections, shingles, inflammation of the ear canals, obstruction in an ear tube, a tumor, or a nerve inflammation. All of these factors must be screened for and addressed before lasting relief from vertigo symptoms can be achieved.

      Note: Vertigo can be an indication of a variety of other health problems. Prolonged or severe attacks of vertigo require immediate medical attention.

      ——————————————————————————–

      Natural Cures

      Diet: Avoid caffeine, chocolates, salt, fried foods, nicotine, drugs, alcohol, and aspartame (NutraSweet(TM)).

      Flower Essences: Rescue Remedy® is useful for calming accompanying stress. Scleranthus can also be helpful.

      Herbs: Ginkgo biloba and ginger can be helpful. Take one 40 mg tablet of ginkgo or two capsules of ginger three times a day.

      Homeopathy: Useful homeopathic remedies include Gelsemium, Phosphorus, Cocculus, Aconite, Nat. mur., Sulfur, Silicea, Lycopodium, and Belladonna.

      Lifestyle: Stay still during vertigo attacks and avoid rapid body movements, especially of the head. Be sure to reduce stress, and get adequate sleep.

      Nutritional Supplementation: Recommended nutrients include Vitamin B complex, vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6, vitamin C plus bioflavonoids and rutin, vitamin E, calcium, choline, and adrenal glandulars.

      Alternative Professional Care
      If your symptoms persist despite the above measures, seek the help of a qualified health professional. The following professional care therapies have all been shown to be useful for treating vertigo: Acupressure, Acupuncture, Ayurveda, Bodywork, Chiropractic, Craniosacral Therapy, Environmental Medicine, Hypnotherapy, Magnetic Field Therapy, Naturopathic Medicine, Osteopathy, Qigong, Reflexology, and Traditional Chinese Medicine

      Best of health to you both

26. QUESTION:
    Is is possible for a 2 yr old to have shingles when never having chicken pox?
    This is the 3rd time he has had it and the doctor claims it to be in the zoster family which is shingles. Everything I read says you have to have chicken pox first to get shingles. PLEASE HELP with any info you can.
    Myself nor the father has herpes.
    He had this the first time before the vaccines and yes he is up to date until school.

    • ANSWER:
      It is not possible to get shingles without first having either chicken pox or the vaccine. Shingles is the chicken pox virus (Herpes Zoster) re-activated. When chicken pox has run it’s course the virus lies dormant in the body, it never goes away completely.

      You may want to get a second opinion, a new doctor may give you a clearer explanation at least.

27. QUESTION:
    With oil prices this low can I expect to pay less for 3 tab 30 year shingles? what is a fair price per square?
    What is a fair replacement cost to re-roof a 1 year old 38 square roof with 30 year 3 tab shingles?

    • ANSWER:
      he’s right about petrochemical product pricing. one would need a little more info to even give a ballpark price, where do you live, what is the pitch of the roof? does one have to remove existing shingles?

      did you know that there is not an asphalt shingle that actually lasts 30 yrs? all asphalt shingles these days are a fiberglass mat dipped in asphalt then covered in granules and in some cases coated with zinc. the curling and dissolving that begins to take place in as little as ten years is a result of the thin layer of asphalt wearing off, exposing the fiberglass which has no waterproofing qualities.

      roofing contractors who install temporary roofs have seen their workload transform in the last decade from older homes to now homes and roofs only ten years old or less. like any other cheap, temporary thing in our lives when there is an increase in demand, the factories decrease quality in order to increase production. a temporary roof warranty is much like a politician, telling everyone what they wanna hear with no proof whatsoever to back it up. asphalt roofs in the early 1900′s used to last 50yrs! 30yr shingles today last ten on average depending on your environment.

      speaking about the environment, did you know that temporary, petrochemical roofing is clogging up our landfills more than most anything else? yeah you get to screw the next guy which is something americans love to do but we are also screwing many generations to come. did you know that natural roofs are the only ones with proven lifespans? most natural roofing is even permanent, breaking the screw the next guy cycle. roof replacement is an unnessicary burden that forces many further into debt or as i reffer to it, bondage. three quarters of the current US roofing demand is re-roofing! be responsible, even though no-ones lookin!

28. QUESTION:
    What are the advantages and disadvantages of flat roofs on houses?
    Me and my fiancee have looked at 67 different houses and we finally found one we like but it has a flat roof ….we dont know much about them so were concerned if we shouldnt buy the house because of the flat roof….

    any info would be awesome thanks

    • ANSWER:
      flat or sloped are just different roof systems. it still all depends on the quality of the material that is applied. a slope can be shingle or metal. metal lasts longer but is more costly. a flat can be a rubber, built-up, or torch down. i would not hesitate buying a house with a flat roof if that is what you are asking, as long as it has a good system on it..

29. QUESTION:
    how does your body react to hepatitis c?
    I have a school project and I could find all the info accept how the body tries to fight hep c. Can anyone preferably send me a link or describe how your cells ,ect react.
    lol thnx alot to the top contributor guy …haha i like soccer. cheeeazzzz

    • ANSWER:
      if you view hepatitis c as a baseball game and use this analogy, you will get an A+++++.

      Think of the liver as “homebase”. Once infected with HCV (direct blood to blood cross contamination), the hcv virons enter through the blood stream and accumulate in the liver.

      Once there “the runners” are up to bat. The first batch of “runners” are sent to first base. By the time the first batch has made it to “homebase” (the liver) new batches of virons (runners) are already on first, second and third. There is “branching”-meaning some virons make it to other parts of the infield (other organs). Although they cannot replicate in other parts of the body, the “runners” find places to hide.

      Each time a batch of virons (runners) hit the ball, they are slightly different than the original batch of runners. This creates confusion as to how the body (the field) fights to win the battle with HCV.

      HCV is not just a liver disease. HCV only needs the liver to reproduce it’s genetically changed virons or more commonly termed “quasispecies”. Once the body thinks it’s figured out how to fight the first batch of runners, the other runners behind it confuse the bodies defense mechanisms, thus overloading the field and 85% out of 100 infected become chronic.

      HCV causes many to have what we call “bi-directional” diseases, anotherwords, HCV overloads other organs and tissues, causing weakness in those which leave them more succeptable to other diseases.

      There are noted, over 150 symptoms in the hepatitis c infected community. Not every body will respond the same to the disease.

      The genotypes are classified as 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b, 2c and so on……each on has it’s own genetic makeup and quasispecies.

      Common complaints amongst those with hcv infection are:
      “brain fog”-much different than depression, but often misdiagnosed as such. We tend to have rashes of all kinds, like spider nevi, shingle like pustules as well as others. Some have lung disease, kidney disease and other CNS symtpoms like bi-polar illness, major depression. Some may complain of firbromyagia-diagnosed by ruling out true arthitic conditions, although some do have Rhuematoid arthritis.
      Some have thyroid issues (women with hcv have a 3x higher chance of thyroid disease compaired to men who have hcv). Many experience a long list of symtpoms while others may just feel more fatigued than normal.

      The most common myth of HCV infection is being a-symptomatic. Everyone who has HCV has been found to have bi-directional diseases associated with their hcv infection, yet many doctors who are not aware of the ALT/AST connection diagnosed the symptoms as seperate diseases.

      The alt and ast levels can appear normal in many (including myself) which is why the doctor thought of my issue as simple depression, even though I had many physical signs of the disease.

      A person can live with HCV, but the quality of life deminishes with each passing year. Many do not find out they are HCV infected until it’s too late due to the misconception of the liver panel test and it’s normal appearance.

      Last but not least, everyone has one risk factor for HCV. It is not just a druggy disease, but new infections seem to point towards this belief.

      If you need a theory on those who blame their disease on their drug abuse and sharing of contaminated paraphenalia, chances are close to half of those with a “self medication” disease probably had hcv to begin with as many of these show their first complaint as depression and since HCV and the toxicities that overload the body-both pass the blood brain barrier and cause a miscommunication in how the brain chemestries relate to one another. Antidepressants/therapy ect do not make HCV go away. Some show marked improvement where their “depression” is concerned, however, it is usually limited only to realize the medications aren’t working anymore. This creates the urge to do whatever it takes to feel okay (self medication, ie, drug abuse).

      Last but not least, many also have intestinal issues like gastroineteritis or diverticulitis that tend to interfere with the serretonin in the gut which is responsible for regulating the serretonin in the brain, causing depression or mood swings (bi-polar illness).

30. QUESTION:
    what are all the different strains of chicken pox?
    i have heard that parkinson’s disease was a form of chicken pox. and my brother had shingles a few years ago and his doctor said that it was a type of chiken pox for adults. i would just like to know what anyone knows about this. thank you for your time.

    • ANSWER:
      there is a way to know about it:

      http://terry.summerhost.info/pox/

31. QUESTION:
    Attaching a Leanto or Shed to the side of the house? query?
    Can you give some info on attaching a leanto (need to know cheapest place to purchase one) or even better a shed to the side of a house. It must become weather proof but not sure about foundations etc… it will insulated and boared inside.

    Any adive would be really appreciated……
    Can you explaine why it has to be 17 feet away? i wanted to secure to the external wall…
    Does anyone know any good site for purchasing or information on DIY leanto….

    • ANSWER:
      17′? Zoning?
      My hubby built a lean-to to the side of our house, no problems.
      His shed has a wood fondation out of pressure treated pine, walls are 1/4″ ply-wood, sealed and painted & roof is traditional shingle. Good Luck!

32. QUESTION:
    Would these be an example of “architectural roofing shingles”? If not, can you tell me where to find them?
    Are these considered architectural shingles?

    http://www.dldroofing.com/products.html

    If not, can someone please direct me to a place on the web where I can view them?

    I am doing some research on various types of roofing for my house. I keep hearing that architectural roofing shingles are the best way to go.

    Any suggestions or info would be appreciated.

    Thanks!

    • ANSWER:
      No, those are not considered architectural shingles–they are a type of metal roofing. The term “architectural shingle” refers to a type of asphalt or fiberglass composition shingle that is thicker than standard asphalt or fiberglass shingles, and the way they’re installed gives the roof a more heavily textured look. Here’s a photo:

      http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/photos/0,,1211250_1100868,00.html?xid=yahoo-answers&partner=yes

      FYI I put them on my house and they look great. They’re more expensive than standard (3-tab) shingles but typically come with a longer warranty. Here’s an article that explains the differences between various roofing products:

      http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,198504,00.html?xid=yahoo-answers&partner=yes

      Most of the major US roofing manufacturers offer architectural shingles. Best bet is to check with a couple of local roofing companies to see what brands they carry.

33. QUESTION:
    Are they making a movie based on the book Lone Survivor?
    Are they making a movie based on the book Lone Survivor? I heard somewhere they were and i was wondering if it was true. If they are can someone give me info about it?

    • ANSWER:
      IMBD, in its website, articulated that the movie Lone Survivor is catecorized as “in development” and that data is subject to change.

      The movie, apparently scheduled for 2009, has no specified release date yet. It doesn’t even appear that they have a script or cast ready to go.

      Nevertheless, I know that Universal Pictures emerged victorious in the battle for the film rights to the nonfiction best-seller “Lone Survivor: The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10.”

      Peter Berg, who directed Universal’s Middle East thriller “The Kingdom,” will write and direct the adaptation. Sources said the studio paid million against million to acquire the rights to the tome as well as the underlying rights.

      Akiva Goldsman is producing via his Weed Road banner along with Barry Spikings, one of the Oscar-winning producers of Universal’s “The Deer Hunter,” and Sarah Aubrey, Berg’s producing partner at his Universal-based Film 44 shingle.

34. QUESTION:
    Should nails be visible on the inside of the attic ? These are coming through the radiant barrier.?
    I recently has my entire roof replaced with composition shingles. It is normal to see all the nails coming throughj the radiant barrier in the attic? The radiant barrier was part of the original roof.

    • ANSWER:
      Tough to say without more info but it’s most likely nothing. Shingles are nailed into the sheathing without respect to orientation of the rafters. So if you nail a 1.5″ roofing nail through 1/4″ of shingle and paper plus a1/2″ of sheathing you still have 3/4″ of nail left to poke through the roof.

      Ask your roofer.

35. QUESTION:
    Is a 4in sagging roof (outside part with shingles) dangerous?
    the outside part of roof -where its pitched has a noticeable dip. the inside roof of the room directly under looks square. what could be the cause; what should I look for? can it be dangerous? what repairs should I ask for?

    PS. hope to hear from the “beer song”, awesome moniker!!!

    thanks for the info guys

    • ANSWER:
      It’s either broken rafters or rafters built over span that have reversed crown. I have even found termites up in rafters. Sounds like it’s in one area so I would suspect rafters have failed. You require a framing carpenter. Working in attics is always difficult. Is it dangerous? Possibly. Snow or ice load. High winds. Did this just happen? Is there more than one layer of shingles? A good honest carpenter will come inspect for free.

36. QUESTION:
    How much will this cost roughly please help?
    Its the corner of my house where the two sides meet and I want to replace it. How much will this cost and will I have to tear the two side shingling off?

    • ANSWER:
      Get a workman in and ask for an estimate. You haven’t given us nearly enough info to tell you.

37. QUESTION:
    Is there a home remedy for shingles?
    My friend thinks she may have shingles, she has had them b-4, is there something she can do to make herself more comfortable no insurance cant see a doctor.

    • ANSWER:
      Vitamin E, vitamin B12, vitamin C, plant sterols and sterolins. More info on the link…

      http://www.healingwithnutrition.com/newsclips/archive/shingles.html

38. QUESTION:
    Where can i find a guide for new home buyers?
    Im interested in buying a home but its my first time, i need a guide or something to give me info on what to expect and how the process works!!

    • ANSWER:
      Check with your local realtor. I believe the gov’t gives out brochures for the realtors to hand out.

      Enjoy the hunt, and don’t buy too quickly – take some time and do some shopping.

      There are a few good houses out there and alot of houses that are – well – not so good.

      You should design a quick checklist for yourself so that as you go through the house, you remember to check each thing of interest to you. Some of the items may be:
      100 amp electrical? Type of heat? Central air? Dry basement? Main floor laundry? Double pane windows? Insulated doors? Age of house? Attatched garage? Age and condition of street, curb & gutter, and sidewalk (this may be a large expense in waiting), number of electrical outlets in each room, are the outlets grounded? How old are the shingles? How old is the water heater? Etc…

      Each house will have some things that will be a plus, and some things that will be a negative. Use the checklist to help you compare the houses and the prices.

      Enjoy!

39. QUESTION:
    What are the names of manufacturers of thin film solar?
    We are looking into getting thin film solar shingles but cannot find any actual purchasing site. Just the info on what it is. Who is actually making and selling this stuff?
    What I mean are roof shingles that collect solar energy the same way that solar panels do, only without the bulky equipment. I have seen segments on T.V. and also sites on the net, including government pages, that talk about it so I know it is a real technology.

    • ANSWER:
      UniSolar made some a while back, but they were never popular.

      I know of quite a few (hundreds) of residential solar installations, and not one of them used solar shingles. Pretty much, everyone goes with conventional panels that sit above the roof. These stay cooler than shingles, and give more energy. They also cost less, about 1/3 the price.

      WIth solar shingles such as the unisolar type, the installation would still need to run conduit down to an inverter, and if you were off-grid, batteries would still be required. No savings on bulky equipment, there.

      Every few years, there’s talk of AC solar shingles, with a little micro-inverter built into each one. The disadvantage would be that you have to drill a hole in your roof for the leads of each one, and wiring would be complicated. Also, having a micro-inverter would add 0-200 to the price of a small shingle, doubling or tripling the price.

      The advantage of micro inverters is that if something takes out one of the panels, like a shadow from a tree, or a stray bullet, the others can keep operating. Conventional panels have answers to these problems, too: don’t put up panels where they will get shaded, or if a shadow is unavoidable on one, use bypass and blocking diodes. For the stray bullet, conventional panels are actually more easily repaired and/or replaced than shingles.

40. QUESTION:
    What is the best and longest lasting type of roof that I could put on my old Victorian home?
    Within reason, what are the options I should consider?

    Metal?

    Long lasting shingles?

    Metal coated with crushed stone?

    Any ideas or info would be appreciated.

    Thanks!

    • ANSWER:
      Traditionally, Victorians would have had slate tile roof, But it is prohibitively priced (12 – 15 times more than standard shingles), not to mention, It will raise your homeowners insurance.

      I would think standing seam metal is the best and most traditional alternative. You can easily get 50+ years from a properly installed metal roof. However I do not recommend these for home surrounded my large mature trees.

      The best value for the dollar (or of none of the above will work) are architectural grade asphalt shingles.

      Hope this helps . . .

41. QUESTION:
    Anyone have info on how to safely remove a tree limb that is on the roof of my house?
    It was due to ice, a 14 inch diameter limb with many attached branches fell onto the roof of the house. It may have well as been a whole tree due to the size of it.

    There was no damage to the trusses, but two thick branches are protruding through the bottom of the roof into the garage.

    One end of the limb is still partially attached to the tree but is not stable, the other end is resting through several large branches/limbs on the peak of the roof. Overall I would say the limb is about 30 ft long from where it’s broken out to the tips of the branches. It’s about 20 ft from where the limb attaches to the tree to where it sits on my roof.

    I am looking for a website or books or whatever with information on how to properly and safely remove a limb this big without sending it crashing through the roof, or smashing my deck.

    • ANSWER:
      well, go on up there with a chain saw and start cutting. start with the small stuff and throw it off the roof as you go. be carefull not to touch the blade to the shingles, or it will just about ruin the chain. take your time and think logicaly about it. stay away from anywhere the limb has broken through, or you may fall through. cut the larger end up into small pieces so it is safer to handle. you should definitly call a profetional to re-shingle the roof. tell them to check for any structual damage and to replace any plywood sheeting that has been damaged.

42. QUESTION:
    What is the best type of shingle to use when reroofing our house.?
    We are planning to reroof our house befor winter really hits. I have had several estimates, and each contractor recommends a different brand and type of shinge.

    Any suggestions

    • ANSWER:
      Looks like everybody says about the same thing to you, pretty much find one that you like and go with it. A little bit of inside info for you: Depending on you’re exact geographic location, a 25 year shingle will only last approx. 18-22 years! The warranty rating is generalized for all areas. Because they can’t manufacture numerous quality ratings of shingles they are all mass produced then distributed. Some people get more years, some less. The higher the waranty rating, the better the shingle. The latest trend is towards architectural shingles though vs the conventional 3-tab shingle you see on most houses. I would recomend using ice & water shield (any brand) to line all the valleys and the edges. This will cost a little more, but you’ll be better off in the long run. Remember to check references. Whether it be with other homeowners who had the company you hire or with the BBB. There are far too many people out there that are, dare I say, a little shady! You can save money with the “lone roofer”, but will he come back or even have the same phone number in a year when a good storm blows off a few shingles? Something to consider. Good luck.

43. QUESTION:
    Can you only catch shingles if you have not had chicken pox?
    Grandmother has shingles, she lives with my inlaws and we are over there several times a week. I think all of our children are small enough that they have received the chickenpox vaccine. Oldest child is 8 and had chickenpox under the age of 2. How can shingles be transmitted? Can they ONLY be transmitted to people who have NOT had chickenpox? Serious responses only please. Need info. asap! Thank you in advance!
    My main question should have been can the children get chickenpox from grandmother’s shingles if they have already had the vaccine for chicken pox?

    • ANSWER:
      shingles occurs when the herpes zoster virus manifests outside the dorsal root ganglion due to factors unknown by doctors (may be physical/emotional stress factors)….therefore getting chickenpox(herpes zoster) ALWAYS PRECEDES a shingles outbreak!!!! therefore…avoid getting the chickenpox(herpes zoster) virus…keep the kids away when there is a shingles outbreak…small chance of picking up chicken pox though…

44. QUESTION:
    Anyone know of any sites that have info about making a gingerbreadhouse but decorating it to be a haunted one?
    SImple ideas on this? I have a gingerbread house making kit but want to make a haunted house instead. ANy one know of any sites?

    • ANSWER:
      No sites, but ideas…
      Use dark frosting, and white piping for spider webs.

      Using a piping tool, make dried grasses and wilted flower stems in the flower beds, with squashed M & M’s for wilted flowers. Black string licorice would work, too.

      Make broken windows out of flat chocolate bars.

      cocoa powder or chocolate drink mix makes good dust.

      crumbled Oreo cookies (without frosting middle) make good dirt.

      If you can get or make uncolored cotton candy, that would also make good spider webs.

      toasted shredded coconut would make good dried grass.

      Shingles from small chocolate squares or square cookies dusted with cocoa powder or chocolate drink mix powder.

      Of course, give the ginger bread man a peg leg and eye patch for a pirate, a witches hat and black dress and green makeup for a witch, or “goul” or “ghost” or “skeleton” decorations.

45. QUESTION:
    Has anyone ever heard of a connection between having shingles while pregnant & it causing autism in the baby?
    During my first trimester I had shingles on the left side of my face. Because of the pregnancy, I did not take any medications or even applied any creams to my face. It was one of the worst things I’ve gone through.
    Anyway, my son from that pregnancy is now 4 and a 1/2 years old and I am in the process of getting him tested for autism. I’m wondering if having shingles could have caused this. I know that having chicken pox can cause birth defects, and shingles is just one step away from chicken pox. You can’t even get shingles unless you’ve had chicken pox.

    If anyone has any info on this, I would appreciate it.

    • ANSWER:
      Anything that causes a difficult birth or causes discomfort in the womb can make a child predisposed to autism. Here are some studies that have no apparent relation to each other, and the researchers themselves aren’t trying to draw broader conclusions, but anyone can put two and two together to reach a reasonable conclusion that susceptibility to autism begins with difficulties at birth. It is more than reasonable to assume that your discomfort affected your baby, and that made him prone to regress to autism.

      In fact, there is a lot of sound theory that would account for it.

      http://www.wombecology.com/caesareans.html

      http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/24689.php

      http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1949329.stm

46. QUESTION:
    Had chicken pox, now exposed to shingles = at risk?
    I had the chicken pox as a child, and now I’ve been exposed to someone who has shingles. I’ve read that you can only get shingles from stress, etc and that it is not contagious, but you can get chicken pox from someone with shingles.
    But if I’ve had chicken pox, I should be okay, right? Anyone know? Thanks!

    • ANSWER:
      when u have chicken pox, the virus settles in ur nerves and goes dormant. when ur around 60, it reactivates and causes shingles. shingles are not contagious, so don’t worry about that. there’s a vaccine now: i cut and pasted some info for u and will put down source for further reading.

      A vaccine to prevent shingles was approved by the FDA in May 2006 for use in people age 60 and older. As you may know, shingles is caused by the herpes zoster virus that is also responsible for chicken pox. The virus can lie dormant in the body for many years after a case of chicken pox and then reactivate for unknown reasons to stage a new attack. If you’ve had chicken pox, you have a 10 and 20 percent chance of someday developing shingles. The risk increases with age: of the one million cases that occur in the United States every year about half are in people over 60.

47. QUESTION:
    Does anyone have a list of the dates that Torcross has flooded?
    Im taking GCSE geography and really need some info on the times Torcross has flooded, i have searched it but no real dates have been given.
    Any help will be appreciated, thanks

    • ANSWER:
      Torcross has survived some terrible storms that have battered the village, on 4 January 1979 enormous waves washed over the roofs of the dwellings causing substantial damage, lorry loads of boulders were brought in from the Plymouth area as temporary protection, a new curved seawall was built as a result of this 1979 storm. On 11 and 12 January 2001 another bad storm caused the loss of up to five metres of the beachhead along a stretch of beach about 1000 metres in length. Part of the A379 road along Slapton Sands near the village was also destroyed, closing it for three months, 3,000 tons of boulders were initially used to protect the road, however these were later removed because of damage to the Slapton Ley SSSI.

      The maintenance of the road is imperative to Torcross as it is the main access route to Dartmouth for the villagers and the local businesses. The South Hams District Council is working to keep the A379 from being eroded away by road realignment and the importing of shingle from parts of Slapton Sands that have a surplus. A study by Natural England after the 2001 storm confirmed that Slapton Sands is and will continue to retreat backwards, due to the reduction in the amount of shingle available, increasing frequency of storms and a predicted 30 to 40 cm rise in sea level over the next 50 years. [4][5]

48. QUESTION:
    Could I possibly have a mild case of shingles?
    I caught a cold last week, no fever. And I started noticing some mild pain in the muscle near my right shoulder blade despite the fact that I haven’t done anything to cause strain there. Then I got a small red rash on my back. Only about 2″x 1″. It doesn’t itch, but it is slightly tender if you press on it. After a few days it seems to finally be fading in color and healing. I’m wondering if I should bother going to a doctor for this or not. Shingles isn’t really dangerous and if that does happen to be my issue, it seems to be going away. But I’m concerned because I’m only 27 and I thought I was in decent health condition. This is the first serious cold I’ve gotten all year. Shingles is something that flares up in people with weakened immune systems, right? So does this sound like shingles or something else?

    • ANSWER:
      I disagree with “Mason”. Although a herpes zoster outbreak is less common in children, teens and young adults, it certainly can happen because it has.

      You gave a very presentation of your “case”. Thank you. You’ll be glad to know that you didn’t describe herpes zoster.

      “Shingles is something that flares up in people with weakened immune systems, right?” — No, this isn’t so. Chicken pox is caused by a virus called varicella-zoster virus, VZV for short. VZV belongs to the herpesvirus family so once inside the body, it’s there for life. Once chicken pox resolves, VZV retreats into spinal nerve tissue and goes dormant. It’s not entirely understood why VZV reactivates at all. It’s believed that stress may have something to do with it — physical stress like illness and psychological stress (mental or emotional). But dormancy and reactivation are characteristics of all the viruses in the herpesvirus family — varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).

      Because herpes zoster, or h. zoster, is a reactivation of a existing virus and is NOT the result of an initial infection (do you follow me?), no person can have an outbreak of h. zoster without having had chicken pox first at some point in time. The initial infection caused by VZV is chicken pox, the reactivation of the same virus (VZV) is herpes zoster.

      A h. zoster outbreak doesn’t start as muscle pain. Remember, this virus is in nerve tissue, not muscle. It begins as a tingling, burning pain and usually on one side of the body as the reactivated virus moves out along a spinal nerve pathway. The tingling and burning become a red, raised rash that is usually on one side of the body, often the trunk, and wraps around from front to back like a narrow stripe. The rash turns into blisters that break open, drain and crust over. This is the same rash seen in chicken pox only it’s limited to the path of a nerve instead of being all over the body. Instead of the trunk, the rash can appear on one side of the neck or face because spinal nerves service these areas too.

      “So does this sound like shingles or something else?” — Something else. BTW, colds don’t usually cause fevers. This seems more like a local skin reaction than anything else.

      “I’m wondering if I should bother going to a doctor for this or not.” — Of course, if this is your decision, go. But by the day of your appointment, the rash may be completely gone and you’ll have nothing to show your doctor, unless you take several pictures now from different angles and distances (for perspective). In my opinion, there’s no pressing need to seek medical care for a rash that appears to be healing. But if this happens again, take the photos. And if you really want to get technical, measure the rash when it first appears (some one else will need to do this for you). Length is measured up and down, from head to toe. Width is measured from side to side (left to right). Use a ruler with centimeters and record it in cm’s. A clear plastic ruler is best and hold it under the rash in the photos for size reference. Record also what the rash feels like – smooth (flat), bumpy (raised). And the color. Basically everything you wrote here plus a bit more. Using a pen, draw an outline around the rash. The next day, if it’s spread, it’ll be obvious (take a new photo with the ruler in the photo and right under the rash) and you can re-measure it once a day up until the day of your doctor’s appointment. You can give all this info to your doctor.

49. QUESTION:
    has any one ever installed a SunPorch sunroom screenroom?
    If you have, did you find it met all your expectations and was it easy to install or did you use professional help? Is the quality good and does it look like an add on room when it was completed? How did it stand up to the weather conditions, such as, snow and wind? Do you have any complaints. Did you ever have to replace your deck flooring after the sunroom was installed? What did you do? Have to remove the sunroom? Thanks for the info.

    • ANSWER:
      do it yourself will give you the best answers if you do a lil searching …

      But if you are going to build off your house you are going to want to create an area ….measure and dig a perimeter where your foundation will go .. I would go about two feet down and about two feet above ground level if not a three or even four depending on what you can afford … then build off of there .. and you can make a door way from the inside or leave it to be accessed from the outside..

      to make it cheap you can make a house out of bamboo, hemp, or all natural or recycled materials …birch roofing…actual shingles.. pvc piping .. plexi glass or frame it out with wood … you can also go with a canopied sun room or a ling tu style three sided sun room

      basically adding a room on ..

50. QUESTION:
    Can Shingles cause one side of the face to droop severly mimicing a possible TIA?
    My mom age 76 has the right side of her face drooping severely,and has frequent headaches that have been attributed to Shingles. With her age I am concerned about possible TIA activity. She also has Alzimer symptons .

    • ANSWER:
      It is possible that shingles has damaged the 7th cranial nerve, which is responsible for controlling our facial expressions, but she should have this checked out by a doctor. The doctor may prescribe steroid treatment, but this is of little benefit, an alternative to steroids would be vitamin B complex tablets, or injections, which has been proven to help nerve regrowth, and does not have any of the side effects associated with steroids.
      Also the body is very good at repairing this damage itself and left untreated it may resolve itself over a couple of months. Facial exercises are very important, as when the nerves regrow they may not grow back into the same area where they were damaged, and you have to train them to do the everyday things like smiling or other expressions. You can find out more info on this by looking up this website;
      www.bellspalsy.org.uk